Oslo, Norway Latitude: 59° 54' 36" N Longitude: / 10° 45' 00" E

1. Oslo, Norway Latitude: 59° 54' 36" N Longitude: / 10° 45' 00" E

2. Parameters: +/- 10 degrees for 30% of the year Wind from South East (summer) Wind from North (All other seasons) No significant rainfall Response: Winter Block Northern winds Solar gain from the South Thermal mass heat gain Small surface area Summer Opening from South East for summer winds No heat gain No cross ventilation Spring/ Fall Solar gain from the South Block winds Thermal mass

3. SIMPLE VOLUME ACTIVE SKIN COMPLEX VOLUME SIMPLE SKIN Office lower than lab for maximum heat gain (South) Core blocks summer sun (West) Glass South façade for both office and lab (heat gain) Solid North façade to block Northern winds Height of office shades parking Cores and Lab block Northern winds Low offices for heat gain to all areas Offices face south for maximum heat gain Thermal mas entry for the lab (facing south) South open for summer winds and heat gain for parked cars East Elevation

4. Beijing, China Latitude: 39° 55' 44" N Longitude: 116° 23' 18" E

5. PARAMETERS • LARGE FLUCTUATIONS IN TEMPERATURE THROUGH DIFFERENT SEASONS • NO PRIMARY WIND DIRECTION • NO SIGNIFICANT RAINFALL • HOT, HUMID SUMMER MONTHS • DRY, COLD WINTER MONTHS RESPONSES • SUMMER: • BLOCK SUNLIGHT FROM ENTERING BUILDING • SHADING OF PEDESTRIAN SURFACES • UTILIZE STACK VENTILATION TO MOVE AIR THROUGH BUILDING • WINTER: • HEAT GAIN THROUGH LARGE SUNLIGHTS • PLACE CORES TO BLOCK HARSH WIND FROM CIRCULATION

6. Complex Structure/Simple Skin Simple Structure/Active Skin • Elevated Research Facility provides natural shading for parking area as well as walkway to entrance • Cores placed to block wind and morning sunlight from entry/main space • Stacked structures allow for stack ventilation • Lowered office spaced allow cooler air to be retained • Reflective material prevents heat gain through roof during the day • South-facing large glass to increase passive solar gain during winter • Overhanging roof blocks direct sun during summer, but allows the rays to penetrate during colder months • Double façade acts as a buffer to increase thermal performance against varying conditions

7. Radiation Stack Ventilation Summer Sun Winter Sun

8. Nairobi, Kenya Latitude: 1° 16' S Longitude: 36° 48' E

9. PARAMETERS: -WIND FROM East (SUMMER) -MIX WIND FROM EAST/WEST (ALL OTHER SEASONS) -NO SIGNIFICANT RAINFALL RESPONSE: WINTER -HEAT GAIN THROUGH SUN -THERMAL MASSING TO STORE IN DAY/ RELEASE HEAT IN NIGHT SUMMER -NO HEAT GAIN – SHADING OF SURFACES, OPENING WALLS FOR CROSS VENTILATION -THERMAL MASS VENTILATED AT NIGHT -COLUMNS FOR CROSS VENTILATION AND COOLING SG/FA -NO HEAT GAIN -THERMAL MASS TO HEAT AT NIGHT -CROSS VENTILATION -NATURAL VENTILATION

10. SIMPLE VOLUME ACTIVE SKIN COMPLEX VOLUME SIMPLE SKIN -THICK WALLS FOR THERMAL MASSING ON ALL SIDES OF FACADE -OFFICES ON E AND W FOR LITTLE SUN -REASERCH CENTER RAISED TO PROMOTE X-VENT -HIGH WINDOWS ON E AND W PRODUCING NATURAL LIGHT FOR RESEARCH -MORE HEAT LOSS AT NIGHT PREVENTED BY THICK WALLS -OVERHANG PROTECTS SOUTH FAÇADE FROM SUN -OPPERABLE OPENING WALLS FOR CROSS VENTILATION -RAISED WITH COLUMNS FOR PASSIVE COOLING -THERMAL MASSING FOR OFFICES -PARKING LOCATED ON NW SIDE UNDER RESEARCH SHADED

12. Miami Climate: Hot and Humid • Large Amount of Precipitation • High Temperatures • Prevailing Winds from the South East.

16. PARAMETERS: +/- 20 DEGREES FOR 75% OF THE YEAR MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE:98 DEGREES (AUGUST) MINIMUM TEMPERATURE:37 DEGREES (DECEMBER) WIND FROM NORTH,SOUTHWEST (SUMMER) WIND FROM NORTH (ALL OTHER SEASONS)

17. MAXIMUM RAINFALL:80mm (DECEMBER) MINIMUM RAINFALL:6mm (JULY,AUGUST) RESPONSE: WINTER HEAT GAIN THROUGH SUN THERMAL MASS TO STORE /RELEASE HEAT BLOCK DOMINANT WIND (COLD) SUMMER NO HEAT GAIN – SHADING OF SURFACES TREES,OPENINGS THERMAL MASS VENTILATED ALL DAY CROSS VENTILATION FOR COOLING SG/FA NO HEAT GAIN CROSS VENTILATION ALL SEASONS COOLING ADD DEHUMIDFICATION

18. SIMPLE VOLUMEACTIVE SKIN DOUBLE FACADE TO EAST AND NORTH ELEVATION HUNG LOUVERS TO NORTH FACADE PREVENT HEAT GAIN EXTERNAL SHADING ELEMENT COVERS PARKING THE OVERHANG AND THE TREES PREVENT THE SUMMER SUN

19. COMPLEX VOLUME SIMPLE SKIN OVAL SHAPE OF THE BUILDIND:PREVENTION FROM WINTER WIND OPENINGS ON THE TOP AND THE BOTTOM FOR CROSS VENTILATION THE OVERHANG BLOCKS THE SUMMER SUN

25. Simple Volume Active Skin

26. Darwin, Australia Latitude: 12° 25’ 48” S Longitude: 130° 51’ 00” E Monsoonal Tropical Climate

27. Climatic Settings About Darwin, Australia Abundance Amount of Rainfall High and Humid Temperatures

28. Climatic Settings

29. Climatic Settings N E W S W S E N Solar Path on December 21, 2011 Solar Path on June 21, 2011

30. Complex Volume, Simple Skin Research Space Office

31. Climatic Responses N

33. PARAMETERS: - TEMPERATURE - DEC – MAR ARE WITHIN COMFORT ZONE, BUT APR - NOV ARE BELOW COMFORT ZONE (AROUND 10 DEGREES F BELOW) - WIND VELOCITY - ALL MONTHS ARE BELOW 10MPH EXCEPT FEB. - WIND MOSTLY FROM SE ALL YEAR ROUND - HUMIDITY - HIGH HUMIDITY ALL YEAR ROUND (OVER 70%) MOSTLY FROM SE, (MIGHT'VE BEEN CARRIED FROM THE OCEAN AND THE WIND) • RESPONSE: • WINTER: THERMAL MASS • INTERNAL HEAT GAIN • SUMMER: SUN SHADING OF WINDOWS. • NATURAL VENTILATION COOLING. • SG/FA: NO WIND PROTECTING FOR OUTDOOR SPACES

36. BUILDING IS POSITION ON SITE TO RECEIVE ALL NW AND SE WINDS FOR CROSS VENTILATION. • A SEPERATED FLAT AND SLOPED ROOF FOR CROSS VENTILATION • REDUCING SOLAR GAIN. • INTERIOR/ EXTERIOR POOL FOR AIR CIRCULATION/ NATURAL AIR COOLENT • NW WALL IS THICK FOR THERMAL MASS TO BLOCK OUT HEAT DURING THE DAY AND RELEASE HEAT AT NIGHT. • SHADED AREA FOR PARKING

37. OFFICES RESEARCH CORES PARKING

38. Bangor, Maine • Latitude: 44.8° N • Longitude: 8.9° W

39. Factors • Cold Wind During Most Months • Low Temperatures • Snow fall

40. Response • Thermal Mass • Windows Facing The Sun For Solar Gain • Large Surface Area to Assist With Solar Gain • Masonry walls for Thermal Mass • High Pitched Roofs To Protect From Snow/Rain

43. Sun Angle July Noon Sun Angle 44 February Noon Sun Angle 8