American Art and Literary Movements

1. 1776 2000 American Art and Literary Movements

2. Puritan Literature 1776 2000 Puritan 1472-1750 Consists mostly of: Diaries Journals Histories Sermons Personal poems • Most writers of the period influenced by Puritan ideals • Most works are utilitarian or very religious • Jonathan Edwards, Anne Bradstreet

3. Enlightenment 1776 2000 Enlightenment 1750-1800 Consists mostly of: Political documents Pamphlets Speeches Letters • Period characterized by science and logic • Some use of Bible; mostly further explanation of its teaching • Benjamin Franklin typifies this period

4. Romanticism 1776 2000 Romanticism 1800-1840 (Art & Literature) 1800-1840 Literary Movement: Poetry Novels Short Stories • Reaction against previous practical forms of literature • Entertaining • Emphasized nature, romance, imagination, individuality • Hawthorne, Melville, Dickinson, Poe plus Transcendentalists Transcendentalists began as Romantics and are often considered part of both movements

5. Romanticism 1776 2000 Romanticism 1800-1850 Artistic Movement: 1800-1850~ Emphasized: Landscapes Frontier Life American Themes & Heroes Nature Subgroup of American Romantics— The Hudson River School The first American art movement, focused mostly on landscapes of the Hudson Valley & upstate New York. Leader: Thomas Cole

6. Romanticism 1776 2000 Romanticism 1800-1850 American RomanticPainters (non HRS): John Singleton Copley Emanuel Leutze Stuart Gilbert John James Audubon Stanley Hawk by John James Audubon

7. Romanticism 1776 2000 Romanticism 1800-1850 Washington Crossing the Delaware by Emanuel Leutze

8. Romanticism 1776 2000 Romanticism 1800-1850 Buffalo Bill’s Back-Fat, Head Chief, Blood Tribe George Catlin (1832)

9. Romanticism 1776 2000 Romanticism 1800-1850 (Hudson River School) View of the Catskills, Early Autumn Thomas Cole

10. Romanticism 1776 2000 Romanticism 1800-1850 (Hudson River School) Kindred Spirits Asher Durand (1849)

11. Romanticism 1776 2000 Romanticism 1800-1850 (Hudson River School) Course of Empire (Series)byThomas Cole

12. Transcendentalism 1776 2000 Transcendentalism 1840-1855 Main Transcendalists: Ralph Waldo Emerson Henry David Thoreau Bronson Alcott Walt Whitman • Held belief that man is basically good • Our intuition and conscience “transcend” our experience, which makes them better guides in life than reason and logic • God present in each person and in nature Brook Farm was an utopian, communal farm begun by adherents of Transcendentalism.

13. Realism 1776 2000 Realism 1865-1915 Art and Literary Movements 1865-1915 • Stressed the actual, rather than the imaginary • Authors: Mark Twain, Stephen Crane (also in Naturalist era) • Artists included Edward Hopper and members of the Ashcan School of Art

14. Realism 1776 2000 Realism 1865-1915 Ashcan School of Art Group of New York Artists Depicted urban life, sometimes gritty, and everyday scenes of ordinary life (Shown here: Descending from the Bus by William Glackens)

15. Realism 1776 2000 Realism 1865-1915 Ashcan School of Art Group of New York Artists Depicted urban life, sometimes gritty, and everyday scenes of ordinary life (Shown here: Cliff Dwellers by George Bellows -1908)

16. Realism 1776 2000 Realism 1865-1915 Edward Hopper Best known realist Not always included with Ashcan School Night Hawks by Edward Hopper

17. Naturalism 1776 2000 Naturalism 1880-1940 1880-1940 Stephen Crane (Red Badge of Courage) Jack London (Call of the Wild) Theodore Dreiser (Sister Carrie) • Saw man as a hapless victim of unchangeable natural laws A man said to the universe:  "Sir, I exist!"  "However," replied the universe,  "The fact has not created in me  A sense of obligation." --Stephen Crane (1894)

18. Modernism 1776 2000 Modernism 1914-1945 1914-1945 William Faulkner John Steinbeck F. Scott Fitzgerald Ernest Hemingway Robert Frost Eugene O’Neill and many more • Disillusionment of modern life • Raised all the great questions of life in their literary works • Considered by many as our greatest American writers

19. Harlem Renaissance 1776 2000 Harlem Renaissance 1920s Black Movement Included: Novelists Poets Playwrights Intellectuals Artists Musicians • Centered in the Harlem area of New York City • Received support from white patrons • Very productive artistic period in all areas of the arts • Ended abruptly with the onset of the Great Depression

20. Harlem Renaissance 1776 2000 Harlem Renaissance Famous Names of the Harlem Renaissance Writers: Langston Hughes Zora Neale Hurston Visual artist: Jacob Lawrence Musicians: Duke Ellington Ella Fitzgerald Migration of the Negro by Jacob Lawrence

21. Other Important Authors 1776 2000 Phyllis Wheatley Horatio Alger Frank L. Baum Jack Kerouac • Phyllis Wheatley—Colonial poet, America’s first African-American poet • Horatio Alger—Wrote the rags-to-riches bestsellers of the mid-1800s • Frank L. Baum—Wrote The Wizard of Oz, the allegory about free silver • Jack Kerouac—Beat Generation author of On the Road (1957)