STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS

1. STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS NORMAL WAKING CONSCIOUSNESS & MODIFICATIONS OF THE WAKING CONSCIOUSNESS

2. CONSCIOUSNESS • refers to a person’s awareness of the sensations, thoughts, and feelings that he is experiencing at a given moment. • It is the subjective understanding of both the environment around us and our private world. • Consciousness can range from our perceptions while fully awake, to the dreams we have during sleep, with wide variations in how much aware we are of outside stimuli.

3. NORMAL WAKING CONSCIOUSNESS • The waking consciousness is not a single, simple state. • It can vary from an active to a passive state. Active state: We systematically carry out mental activity, thinking and considering the world around us. There may even be some kind of silent self-talk (“Does my teacher really knows what she’s saying?”)

4. Ah okay, ganunpalayun ma’am! Hmm… parangibayungitinuronungisang teacher? Anokaya dun ang tama?

5. Anokayagagawinkopagmasalubongkoulitsya? • Passive state: we do not intentionally focus on anything, but thoughts and images come to us more spontaneously. X

6. VIGILANCE • Refers to a state where there is readiness (alertness) for new stimuli. • Ways to increase vigilance: - orient self to task - remind self where they are, what they should do, what time is it etc. - scratching, adjusting clothing tapping fingers etc.

7. MODIFICATIONS of the WAKING CONSCIOUSNESS • The familiar waking consciousness can be subjected to various degrees of distortion by • excessive fatigue, • lack of sleep, • disease, and • drugs.

8. SLEEPING • There are many theories about the functions of sleep. • For example, there is a theory that the major function of sleep is to conserve our energy. • Another suggestion is that as the hunger mechanism is suppressed during sleep, we sleep in order to conserve food supplies. That means that sleep is a protective mechanism developed early in man's revolution. • Another argument is that we are the weakest in the time of darkness, sleep renders us less likely to be selected as a tasty meal by nocturnal animals. • In psychological points of view, it stated that our learning processes are largely inactivated during sleep, this gives the brain a chance to reorganize and store more efficiently the information gathered during the day. • Apart from that, there is still a common believe that sleep is to help the body to recuperate physically. - The Restorative Function

9. STAGES OF SLEEP • The invention of the electroencephalograph allowed scientists to study sleep in ways that were not previously possible. During the 1950s, a gradate student named Eugene Aserinsky used this tool to discover what is known today as REM sleep. Further studies of human sleep have demonstrated that sleep progresses through a series of stages in which different brain wave patterns are displayed.

10. Two Main Types of Sleep: • Non-Rapid Eye Movement (NREM) Sleep (also known as quiet sleep • Rapid Eye Movement (REM) Sleep (also known as active sleep or paradoxical sleep

11. The Beginnings of Sleep • During the earliest phases of sleep, you are still relatively awake and alert. The brain produces what are known as beta waves, which are small and fast. As the brain begins to relax and slow down, slower waves known as alpha waves are produced. During this time when you are not quite asleep, you may experience strange and extremely vivid sensations known as hypnagogic hallucinations. Common examples of this phenomenon include feeling like you are falling or hearing someone call your name. • Another very common event during this period is known as a myoclonic jerk. If you've ever startled suddenly for seemingly no reason at all, then you have experienced this odd phenomenon. While it may seem unusual, these myoclonic jerks are actually quite common.

12. STAGE 1 • Stage 1 is the beginning of the sleep cycle, and is a relatively light stage of sleep. Stage 1 can be considered a transition period between wakefulness and sleep. In Stage 1, the brain produces high amplitude theta waves, which are very slow brain waves. This period of sleep lasts only a brief time (around 5-10 minutes). If you awaken someone during this stage, they might report that they weren't really asleep.

13. STAGE 2 • Stage 2 is the second stage of sleep and lasts for approximately 20 minutes. The brain begins to produce bursts of rapid, rhythmic brain wave activity known as sleep spindles. Body temperature starts to decrease and heart rate begins to slow.

14. STAGE 3 • Deep, slow brain waves known as delta waves begin to emerge during stage 3 sleep. Stage 3 is a transitional period between light sleep and a very deep sleep.

15. STAGE 4 • Stage 4 is sometimes referred to as delta sleep because of the slow brain waves known as delta waves that occur during this time. Stage 4 is a deep sleep that lasts for approximately 30 minutes. Bed-wetting and sleepwalking are most likely to occur at the end of stage 4 sleep.

16. STAGE 5 : REM SLEEP • Most dreaming occurs during the fifth stage of sleep, known as rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. REM sleep is characterized by eye movement, increased respiration rate and increased brain activity. REM sleep is also referred to as paradoxical sleep because while the brain and other body systems become more active, muscles become more relaxed. Dreaming occurs due because of increased brain activity, but voluntary muscles become paralyzed.

17. The Sequence of Sleep Stages • It is important to realize, however, that sleep does not progress through these stages in sequence. Sleep begins in stage 1 and progresses into stages 2, 3 and 4. After stage 4 sleep, stage 3 and then stage 2 sleep are repeated before entering REM sleep. Once REM sleep is over, the body usually returns to stage 2 sleep. Sleep cycles through these stages approximately four or five times throughout the night. • On average, we enter the REM stage approximately 90 minutes after falling asleep. The first cycle of REM sleep might last only a short amount of time, but each cycle becomes longer. REM sleep can last up to an hour as sleep progresses.

18. What happens when we sleep?

19. Circadian Rhythm • A circadian rhythm is a roughly 24 hour cycle in the physiological processes of living beings, including plants, animals, fungi and cyanobacteria. In a strict sense, circadian rhythms are endogenously generated, although they can be modulated by external cues such as sunlight and temperature.

20. ACTIVITY: • Think of a dream (either good dream or bad dream) you had that has made an impact or which was unforgettable to you. • Draw your dream/ a scene in the dream that has made the greatest impression. • Below your illustration, write the story of your dream.

21. DREAMS • Dreams can be mysterious, but understanding the meaning of our dreams can be downright baffling. The content of our dreams can shift suddenly, feature bizarre elements or frighten us with terrifying imagery. The fact that dreams can be so rich and compelling is what causes many to believe that there must be some meaning to our dreams. • While many theories exist to explain why we dream, no one yet fully understands their purpose, let alone how to interpret the meaning of dreams. In fact, some prominent researchers such as G. William Domhoff suggest that dreams most likely serve no real purpose.

22. Despite this, dream interpretation has becoming increasingly popular. While research has not demonstrated a purpose for dreams, many experts believe that dreams do have meaning. • According to Domhoff: • "'Meaning' has to do with coherence and with systematic relations to other variables, and in that regard dreams do have meaning. Furthermore, they are very "revealing" of what is on our minds. We have shown that 75 to 100 dreams from a person give us a very good psychological portrait of that individual. Give us 1000 dreams over a couple of decades and we can give you a profile of the person's mind that is almost as individualized and accurate as her or his fingerprints."

24. LUCID DREAMING

25. ACTIVITY 2 • Interpret your own dream based on the various dream theories that we will be going through.

27. DREAM THEORIES UNCONSCIOUS WISH FILFILLMENT THEORY • Freud: Dreams as the Road to the Unconscious Mind: • In his book The Interpretation of Dreams, Sigmund Freud suggested that the content of dreams is related to wish fulfillment. Freud believed that the manifest content of a dream, or the actually imagery and events of the dream, served to disguise the latent content, or the unconscious wishes of the dreamer. • Freud also described four elements of this process that he referred to as 'dream work': • Condensation – Many different ideas and concepts are represented within the span of a single dream. Information is condensed into a single thought or image. • Displacement – This element of dream work disguises the emotional meaning of the latent content by confusing the important and insignificant parts of the dream. • Symbolization – This operation also censors the repressed ideas contained in the dream by including objects that are meant to symbolize the latent content of the dream. • Secondary Revision – During this final stage of the dreaming process, Freud suggested that the bizarre elements of the dream are reorganized in order to make the dream comprehensible, thus generating the manifest content of the dream.

28. Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious: • While Carl Jung shared some commonalities with Freud, he felt that dreams were more than an expression of repressed wishes. Jung suggested that dreams revealed both the personal and collective unconscious and believed that dreams serve to compensate for parts of the psyche that are underdeveloped in waking life. However, later research by Hall discovered that the traits people exhibit while they awake are also expressed in dreams. • Jung also suggested that archetypes such as the anima, the shadow and the animus are often represented symbolic objects or figures in dreams. These symbols, he believed, represented attitudes that are repressed by the conscious mind. Unlike Freud, who often suggested that specific symbols represents specific unconscious thoughts, Jung believed that dreams can be highly personal and that interpreting these dreams involved knowing a great deal about the individual dreamer.