1 / 27

HOLY WAR

HOLY WAR. The Medieval Crusades. The Medieval Crusades. Definition – The series of expeditions from Western Europe to the Eastern Mediterranean, beginning in 1095, designed to recover the Holy Land from Islam & then to retain it in Christian hands 8 major crusades from 1095 - 1291.

nowicki
Download Presentation

HOLY WAR

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. HOLY WAR The Medieval Crusades

  2. The Medieval Crusades • Definition – The series of expeditions from Western Europe to the Eastern Mediterranean, beginning in 1095, designed to recover the Holy Land from Islam & then to retain it in Christian hands • 8 major crusades from 1095 - 1291

  3. Motivations for the Crusades • By 1095, Muslims had conquered about 2/3 of the territory that had been part of Christendom • They were threatening Constantinople & the Byzantine Empire • Weakened Eastern Empire left West vulnerable to Muslim invasion • Many knights & peasants were eager for wealth & adventure

  4. Motivations for the Crusades • Muslim conquest of the Holy Land Dome of the Rock, built 692 ADRock Moriah where the Ark rested

  5. Motivations for Crusades • Pilgrimages to the Holy Land • Heightened after the year 1000 failed to bring Christ’s return • Means of acquiring merit • Muslims increased hardships on pilgrims; destroyed shrines in Jerusalem • Crusades were fueled by desire to reclaim Holy Land

  6. Motivations for Crusades • The Eastern Emperor asked for help from Pope Urban II: the Seljuk Turks threatened the Byzantine Empire • Urban saw a chance to reunite Christendom • The Great Schism occurred in 1054

  7. The Council of Clermont (1095) • Urban called the Council of Clermont (November 1095) • His goals: Reform the church • Support the Eastern Christians against the Turks • Liberate Jerusalem • His promises: Indulgences for all who took up the cross – if they were successful or if they died in the Crusade • Protection of Peter, Paul & the Church for estates left behind

  8. The Council of Clermont (1095) • Council cried: “Deus vult! God wills it!”

  9. The First Crusade • Peter the Hermit led mob heading to Jerusalem • Pillaged countryside • Slaughtered Jews • Many died from plague & famine

  10. The First Crusade • Formal crusade arrived at Constantinople & allied with Byzantine army • They captured Nicea easily • They captured Antioch after a long siege • Peter Bartholomew claimed St. Andrew revealed site of Holy Lance • When it was uncovered, crusaders rallied against a larger Muslim army

  11. The First CrusadeAttack on Jerusalem • June 12, 1099, Crusaders see Jerusalem • Hermit prophesies: “Attack tomorrow; the Lord will deliver it to you” • Too few ladders; they could not scale walls • They withdrew, defeated

  12. The First Crusade Attack on Jerusalem • During the long siege of Jerusalem, Muslims were supplied with food & water; Crusaders had little water • Crusaders needed siege equipment: mobile towers, scaling ladders, catapults • Transported water & wood long distances; finally, a supply ship arrived in Jaffa • Crusaders feuded, suffered & deserted; many died

  13. The First CrusadeAttack on Jerusalem • Priest reported vision of dead Bishop Adhemar: “Purge your sins; march barefoot around Jerusalem; fast; attack on the 9th day” • Crusaders marched barefoot; ended on Mt. Olivet; feuding princes embraced

  14. The First CrusadeAttack on Jerusalem • Siege equipment built; weapons prepared; the battle began on July 13 • After 2 days, weary Crusaders considered withdrawal; but a knight on Mt. Olivet waved his shield to encouraged them • Crusaders took heart & attacked again

  15. The First CrusadeAttack on Jerusalem • Burning arrows caught wall on fire; siege tower provided bridge to wall • Crusaders entered the city & opened the gates • Governor surrendered • Jerusalem was sacked; Muslims were slaughtered • Godfrey of Bouillon named “Protector of the Holy Sepulcher” • He would not accept the title “King of Jerusalem”

  16. The First Crusade ended in success

  17. The Second Crusade (1147-49) • 1144, Muslims captured Edessa • Bernard of Clairvaux preached for crusade • 1147, German & French armies marched to Holy Land • Crusades were defeated at Edessa, Laodicea, Damascus • Crusade ended in disgrace; Bernard preached judgment on sinful people

  18. The Third Crusade (1187-92) In 1187, Saladin captured Jerusalem

  19. The Third Crusade • Called the Crusade of Three Kings • Frederick I Barbarossa of Germany • Philip II Augustus of France • Richard the Lionheart of England

  20. The Third Crusade • Frederick defeated Muslims at Iconium, then drowned trying to swim across river • Philip participated in victorious siege of Acre, then departed for France where he hoped to take Normandy back from England while Richard was on crusade • Richard could not win back Jerusalem, but negotiated treaty with Saladin to allow Christian pilgrimages

  21. Richard the Lionheart (1157-99) • 1192, Richard sailed for England; was shipwrecked; in Austria, he was kidnapped by Duke Leopold; paid ransom & returned to England in 1194; settled affairs with John; began war against Philip; died in battle • Background for Robin Hood & Ivanhoe

  22. The Fourth Crusade (1201-4) • Innocent III sent this Crusade against Saladin’s headquarters in Egypt • However, the Venetian fleet sidetracked the Crusaders to Constantinople • Crusaders decided to sack & loot Constantinople – Eastern Christians

  23. Seventh & Eighth Crusades (1248-50 & 1267-72) • Both led by Louis IX, King of France, who later was declared a saint • Both crusades failed & Louis died from dysentery • 1291, the Crusader city of Acre fell & Crusader presence in Holy Land ended

  24. Results of Crusades • Mistrust & enmity developed between East & West; Muslims, Jews & Christians • Increased contact of the West with Byzantine Empire, Eastern Orthodox Church & Islamic civilization • Power & wealth of papacy increased • Rise of trade & commerce as source of economy • Increased interest in relics • At home crusading zeal turned toward fighting heresy

  25. After the Crusades • The Crusades only delayed the ultimate conquest of Constantinople by Muslim forces • In 1453, Muslim armies overran Constantinople & brought an end to the Byzantine Empire • In 1458, Muslims conquered Athens & occupied Greece • During the 16th & 17th centuries, Muslim forces extended westward into Europe • Suleiman the Magnificent conquered Hungary • He reached as far as Vienna & laid siege to the city in 1529 • He was turned back by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor • The Battle of Vienna, 1683, finally halted the Muslim advance into Europe

  26. Ottoman Empire 1683

  27. George Bush: “This crusade, this war on terror” Islamic aggression 9/11/2001

More Related