Andri Wicaksono 2201410023

1. Andri Wicaksono2201410023 403-405 Second Language Acquisition

2. CHAPTER 1“ Introduction” Describing and explaining L2 acquisition

3. What is Second Language Acquisition? • In second language learning, language plays an institutional and social role in the community. Itfunctions as arecognized means of communicationamong members who speak some other language as their native tongue. • In foreign language learning, language plays no major role in the community and is primarily learned in theclassroom. • The distinction between second and foreign language learning is what is learned and how it is learned.

4. What is Second Language Acquisition It is the study of: • how second languages are learned; • how learners create a new language system with limited exposure to a second language; • why most second language learners do not achieve the same degree of proficiency in a second language as they do in their native language; and • why some learners appear to achieve native-like proficiency in more than one language

5. How Do Learners Acquire a Second Language? • Learners acquire a second language by making use of existing knowledge of the native language, general learning strategies, or universal properties of language to internalize knowledge of the second language. • These processes serve as a means by which the learner constructs an interlanguage (a transitional system reflecting the learner’s current L2 knowledge). • Communication strategies are employed by the learner to make use of existing knowledge to cope with communication difficulties.

6. The Language Learner • Individual differences affect L2acquisition. These mayinclude: (1) the rate of development and (2) their ultimate level of achievement. • Learners differ with regard to variables relating to cognitive, affective and social aspects of a human being. • Fixed factors such as age and language learning aptitude are beyond external control. Variable factors such as motivation are influenced by external factors such as social setting and by the actual course of L2 development.

7. The Language Learner • Cognitive style refers to the way people perceive, conceptualize, organize and recall information. • Field dependent learners operate holistically. They like to work with others. Field independent learners are analytic and prefer to work alone.

8. Learner Strategies Learner strategies are defined as deliberatebehaviors oractions that learners use tomakelanguage learning moresuccessful, self-directed and enjoyable.

9. Input and Interaction • L2 acquisition can only take place when the learner has access to input in the second language. This input may come in written or spoken form. • Spoken input occurs in face-to-face interactions. Non-reciprocal discourse includes listening to the radio or watching a film.

10. The Role of the Native Language in Second Language Acquisition • This transfer is productive when the learner attempts to speak the language. • This transfer is receptive when the learner attempts to grasp and understand the language and culture as practiced by native speakers.

11. The Role of the Native Language in Second Language Acquisition • The role of native language in second language acquisition has come to be known as “language transfer.” • It has been assumed that in a second language learning situation learners rely extensively on their native language.

12. Toward a Theory of First Language Transfer • An important distinction not always made in discussions of transfer is between transfer in L2 communication and transfer in L2 learning. • Transfer in communication involves the use of the L1 either to receive incoming messages (reception) or to process output (production). • Transfer in learning occurs when the learner uses the L1 in an attempt to develop hypotheses about L2 rules.

13. Language Transfer • Where the two languages were identical, learning could take place through positive transfer to the native-language pattern. • Where the two languages were different, learning difficulty arose and errors occurred resulting from negative transfer.