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New Features of NetWare 4.x

New Features of NetWare 4.x. Jianping zeng Kelong wu. Contents. What is NetWare; Motivation for new NetWare 4.x features; NetWare Directory Service(NDS): Logical Organization of the network; Single Login to the network; Global Network Management;

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New Features of NetWare 4.x

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  1. New Features of NetWare 4.x Jianping zeng Kelong wu

  2. Contents • What is NetWare; • Motivation for new NetWare 4.x features; • NetWare Directory Service(NDS): • Logical Organization of the network; • Single Login to the network; • Global Network Management; • Independence from Physical Location of Resources; • Improvements in the NetWare File System; • Improved File System Security;

  3. Contents • Support for Network Auditing; • Simplified and more efficient Memory Management Architecture; • Improvements in Client Networking Services; • Integrated Storage Management Services(SMS); • Improvements in Network Print Service Architecture; • Multiple Language Support; • Simplified Installation and Upgrade Procedures; • Conclusion.

  4. What is NetWare • Is an operating system for hosting file volumes across a network --- a network operating system(NOS); • Was not designed as an application-development platform, nor as a desktop operating system; • Is one of the most well-established and strongest-selling NOS product; • Has more than half the file/print-sharing server market, and might continue to hang on to that edge into the next century.

  5. Motivation for NetWare 4.x • A network can consist of several LANs tied together with wide area links as shown in figure 1 Figure1: NetWare-based network

  6. Motivation for NetWare 4.x • In the earlier versions of NetWare • The user would have to know the names of the file servers to which the printer and volume resources are attached before he access them; • The user would have to log in to that server at first if he wanted to use its resources; • The user would have to attach to that server and then create a separate drive mapping; • Access to resources was controlled by a security mechanism that was local to each other(called the bindery).

  7. In the NetWare 4.x • It has the logical view of the network, resources are organized into groups that are in turn organized into a hierarchy that reflects their usage, function, or geographical location, and forget about the physical links(such as routers or bridges) shown as in figure 2; • The user can login to this logical view of the network; • Access to resources on the network can be controlled by security mechanisms that are global in scope and apply to entire network; • To provide a single access to the network, NetWare 4.x created a global database called the NetWare Directory Service (NDS). NDS provide a global database service that is not confined to a single server and represents network-wide resources.

  8. In the NetWare 4.x Figure 2: logical view of the network

  9. NetWare Directory Service (NDS) • Function of NDS: • It provides the network administrator and a logical view of a network; • The logical view of the network can be easily recognized by the user; • It provides a distributed database that can act as a repository of information on all the shared resources on the network; • Is replacement for the bindery services of the early version. The bindery could not easily support information on other nodes on the network.

  10. NetWare Directory Service (NDS) • Benefits of NDS: • Logical organization of the network; • Single login to the network; • Global network management view; • Independence from physical location of resources.

  11. Logical Organization of the network • The resources can be grouped in a hierarchical in the NDS representation; • Make it easy for the users and network administrators to find the network resources without knowing the physical details of network connectivity; • The user who needs to use a network resource has a logical pointer (called object which contain information on the resource) to the NDS database; • In figure 3, a file server can be modeled as a file server object which contains the information such as the name of the file server, its network address, location, and so on. Figure 3:file server object

  12. Single Login to the network • Enables a user to be authenticated just once to access all the resources on the network even though he cannot access all the objects in this directory (figure 4); • Administrator gives him the access priority; Figure 4: single login

  13. Single Login to the network • After a user logs in, the network administrator can limit access to resources on the network. When the user authentication is successful, the user is granted access to any resource on the network( figure 5); Figure 5:user authentication to the network

  14. Single Login to the network • In earlier version, the user had to login every server to which he wanted access and the number of such concurrent connection was limited to 8; • In NetWare 4.x, the maximum number of concurrent connections to different NetWare servers is increased from 8 to 50.

  15. Global Network Management • In the early version, the network management tasks had to be performed separately on each NetWare server, because network management usually resulted in a modification of the bindery, and the bindery was specific to each server; • In NetWare 4.x, the network administrator can change network resources from any place on the network. (figure 6); Figure 6: global network management

  16. Independence from Physical Location of Resources • In the early version, the resources were described in a server bindery and depended on that server (figure 7); • In NetWare 4.x, resources are not tied to a specific server or a physical location on the network. The NDS object can be accessed from any station on the network when the user gets the permission. Figure 7: Bindery representations of printer definitions

  17. Improvements in the NetWare File System • Block Suballocation • Disk suballocation can be enable/disable at the installation time; • The disk block size was selected at the installation time to be 4KB, 8KB, 12KB, 16KB or 64KB; • NetWare 4.x allows small files and files that are not multiples of the disk block size to share space in a disk block that would otherwise have gone wasted (figure 8).

  18. Improvements in the NetWare File System Figure 8: Disk suballocation

  19. Improvements in the NetWare File System • NetWare File System Compression • Compress option can be enable/disable at the installation time (default is enable); • The disk block will be compressed as it is written and decompressed by special decompress threads as it is read (figure 9); • This compress option can increase the effective disk space without adding new server drives.

  20. Improvements in the NetWare File System Figure 9: Read of a compressed file

  21. Improvements in the NetWare File System • Data Migration • Allows infrequently used files to be moved to a near-line storage medium (such as optical disk libraries) or off-line storage medium (such as tape backup devices); • When data migration occurs, NetWare 4.x still sees the data on the NetWare volumes; • If a file is accessed and it has been migrated, the file is brought back into the NetWare volume(figure 10); • It is a very effective way to save on disk space when combined with compression; • When files are the least active or have not been accessed for the longest period of time (eg. Exceeds a capacity threshold), data migration occurs.

  22. Improvements in the NetWare File System Figure 10: Data migration

  23. Improved File System Security • Access to parts of the network directory tree are controlled by explicit trustee assignments; • When a user logs in, he specifies the name of the NDS object that represents the user account. The user’s login name and password are used to build a personalized key that is used to authenticate a user’s right to access the network (figure 11);

  24. Improved File System Security • The user must pass the NDS security level. He must have certain rights to the volume object in the directory tree; • Then the user’s access to a file is controlled by the File and Directory Trustee rights. Figure 11: NetWare 4.x security

  25. Support for Network Auditing • In NetWare 4.x, a class of users called auditors can be set up to act independently of the network administrator in order to audit critical activities on the network; • The auditors can also audit past and present transactions on the network for any security breaches(figure 12); • Auditing allows the monitoring of critical events on the network, such as logins and logouts, file operations, directory services object operations(creations, deletions, reads and writes), directory object events, user events and trustee modifications.

  26. Support for Network Auditing Figure 12: Auditing in NetWare 4.x

  27. Simplified and More Efficient Memory Management Architecture • In NetWare 3.x: • Memory management in NetWare 3.x is shown as figure 13; memory was managed in five pools, each serving a different purpose; Figure 13: NetWare 3.x memory management

  28. Simplified and More Efficient Memory Management Architecture • In NetWare 3.x: • The pools were for purposes such as cache movable, cache nonmovable, permanent memory and semipermanent memory; • Memory pools were permitted to borrow memory from the file cache buffer memory, but once borrowed, this memory was not returned; • To reset the memory pools, the server had to be restart.

  29. Simplified and More Efficient Memory Management Architecture • In NetWare 4.x: • There is only one main pool – the file cache memory (figure 14); • All memory used by processes running on the server are borrowed against this pool and completely returned to it when the process terminates; • Other processes can reuse the returned memory. Figure 14: NetWare 4.x memory management

  30. Some of the features of NetWare 4.x memory management • Improved server performance, because memory management is an important resource for server processes; • Integration with the paged memory architecture of the Intel processors; • Ring protection to control damage caused by misbehaved NLMs (NetWare loadable module); • Easier-to-write applications for the NLM developer because memory management is simpler.

  31. The Ring architecture of NetWare 4.x • The operating system kernel is running in Ring 0. All NLMs run in Ring 0 by default but the network administrator can configure server to run NLM that are loaded in an outer ring (figure 15); • A program at Ring 3 would have to make an inter-ring gate call to make service requests from the operating system kernel; • If program crash, it cannot affect the kernel; • More reliable but reduce speed.

  32. The Ring architecture of NetWare 4.x Figure 15: Interl 80386 processor ring architecture

  33. Improvements in Client Networking Services • NetWare 4.x includes better support for DOS, MS Windows, and OS/2 (figure 16). DOS and MS Windows use a DOS requester, ODI support and Packet Burst Protocol support; Figure 16: Multiple client support NetWare 4.x

  34. Improvements in Client Networking Services • DOS requester allows the redirector capability of later releases of DOS via the interrupt mechanism INT 2F (hex) to be used. • DOS requester consists of number of smaller components (called Virtual Loadable Modules and managed by VLM manager VLM.EXE) that need to be loaded only if the service is needed. • ODI support is the Open Data-Link interface that provides an interface for protocol stacks to talk to network boards, which represent layer 2(data-link layer) of the OSI model.

  35. Improvements in Client Networking Services • Packet Burst Protocol allows transmission of multiple packet requests and packet replies. A number of requests or replies can be acknowledged by a single acknowledgement packet. • NetWare 4.x supports for Large Internet Packet(LIP) which means larger packet size that are common in Token Ring networks(4 KB to 16 KB) and Ethernet networks (1.5KB) are possible.

  36. Integrated Storage Management Services (SMS) • SMS provide for data on the network to be backed up or restored in a common data format and in a manner that is hardware- and software-independent; • The device that needs to be backed up is called the target. The target could be a workstation, a NetWare 3.x server, or a NetWare 4.x server; • A Target Service Agent(TSA) program is run on the target and communicates with the SBACKUP program. (figure 17);

  37. Integrated Storage Management Services (SMS) Figure 17: SMS and TSAs

  38. Integrated Storage Management Services (SMS) • In SMS, the SBACKUP program is responsible for backup and restore operations. SBACKUP is an NLM that runs on a NetWare server. • Other modules in SMS are Storage Management Data Register(SMDR—used to pass commands between SBACKUP and the TSAs), Storage Device Interface(SDI—communicate between the SBACKUP program and the storage devices). (figure 18)

  39. Integrated Storage Management Services (SMS) Figure 18: SMS architecture

  40. Improvements in Network Print Service Architecture • Print jobs can be sent to the network print queue or be sent to the printer object in the NDS tree; • Simpler installation in comparison to NetWare 3.x; • Support for a larger number of printers (up to 256) on a single print server; • Support for remote printers on NetWare servers.

  41. Multiple Language Support (Internationalization) • NetWare 4.x has introduced support for international languages to NetWare Loadable Modules and network utilities. • Having different language NLMs running on the server at the same time or having one user using the system utility in French and another user using the same utility in Italian are even possible. • Does not mean NetWare is capable of translating messages between users using different languages.

  42. Simplified Installation and Upgrade Procedures • NetWare 4.x distribution comes in CD-ROM.; • The CD-ROM drive can be attached to the server being installed, or to a remote workstation(figure 19); • In the figure 19, the CD-ROM is shown as an external unit to the workstation or server. Internal CD-ROMs also are possible. Figure 19: NetWare 4 installation using CD-ROM distribution

  43. Conclusion • In some ways, NetWare 4.x is very similar to NetWare 3.x, but in other ways, NetWare 4.x represents a radical departure. • You can learn more about NetWare 4.x from the book “Migrating to NetWare 4.1”

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