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Chapter 12 – the heart

Chapter 12 – the heart. 4 chambers – which act as 2 pumps for pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation See diagrams pp. 324- 329 Location – thoracic cavity between the lungs, within the mediastinum Apex – most inferior portion Base – superior portion . Heart anatomy. diagram.

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Chapter 12 – the heart

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  1. Chapter 12 – the heart • 4 chambers – which act as 2 pumps for pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation • See diagrams pp. 324- 329 • Location – thoracic cavity between the lungs, within the mediastinum • Apex – most inferior portion • Base – superior portion

  2. Heart anatomy • diagram

  3. Go here for the best diagrams • all kinds of wonderful information on the heart!

  4. External anatomy • Coronary sulcus • Superior and inferior vena cava • Pulmonary veins • Pulmonary trunk • Aorta • Membranes: pericardial cavity, pericardium: fibrous, serous, parietal, visceral, pericardial fluid

  5. Blood supply to the heart • Coronary arteries (left and right) • Cardiac veins • Coronary sinus

  6. Heart chambers • Atria – right and left • Auricle • Interatrial septum • Ventricles – right and left • Interventricular septum

  7. Heart valves • Atrioventricular valves • Tricuspid valve – between right atrium and right ventricle • Bicuspid (mitral) valve – between left atrium and laft ventricle • Papillary muscles • Chordae tendineae • Aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves

  8. Blood flow through the heart • Both atria contract at the same time and both ventricles contract at the same time • Body vena cava  right atrium  tricuspid valve  right ventricle  pulmonary semilunar valve  pulmonary arteries  lungs  pulmonary veins  left atrium  bicuspid valve  left ventricle  aortic semilunar valve aorta  body

  9. Heart wall • Three layers: • Epicardium • Myocardium • endocardium

  10. Cardiac muscle • Striated • Elongated, branching cells • 1 or 2 nuclei • Rich in mitochondria • ATP • Intercalated disks

  11. Conduction system of the heart • SA node • AV node • AV bundle • Left and right bundle branches • Purkinje fibers • See diagram pg. 336 • Ectopic beat

  12. electrocardiogram • P wave • QRS complex • T wave • P-Q interval • P-R interval • Q-T interval

  13. electrocardiogram

  14. Cardiac cycle • Systole – atrial and ventricular – contraction • Diastole – atrial and ventricular – relaxation • Heart sounds – stethoscope • Murmurs • Incompetent valve • Stenosed opening

  15. Regulation of heart function • Cardiac output • Stroke volume • Heart rate • Cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate

  16. Intrinsic regulation • Regulation mechanisms contained within the heart • Venous return • Preload • Starling’s law of the heart • afterload

  17. Extrinsic regulation • Regulation by factors outside the heart – nervous and hormonal regulation • Baroreceptor reflex • Medulla oblongata – cardioregulatory center

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