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The Middle Ages

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The Middle Ages

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    1. The Middle Ages Medieval Period 500CE-1500CE

    2. Decline of Roman Empire Wars Taxes Diseases

    3. Germanic Invasions Overrun the West Trade disrupted Cities fall Populations shift to rural areas for food Decrease in literacy and learning No common language Church provided safety and order Germanic people life: small communities, led by chiefs, no respect for king (no taxes)

    4. Christianity Spreads Clovis: Frankish Leader of Gaul (France) United a Kingdom & Spread Christianity Germanic people converted Monasteries- monks lived w/o possessions to serve God Convents- nuns also followed this life Became best educated communities

    5. The European Empire Charlemagne- inherits kingdom around 800 CE Conquests reunite West into empire Crowned “emperor” by crushing attack on Pope Signified union of Germanic power & Church He spreads Christianity & establishes central government Limits noble’s authority, ruled justly

    6. Cont…. Supports learning and culture Opened palace schools Multilingual (English, German, Italian, Spanish) Son (Louis the Pious) left 3 heirs/ all faught Ended with Treaty of Verdun- divided land by 3

    7. Muslim Invasions Muslims enter into Spain and Sicily Bring science and math Christians fear the invasions

    8. Lords owned land where peasants worked.

    9. Feudal Structure Based on land exchange for protection and services (mutual obligations) Kings, Nobles, Clergy, Knights, Peasants Social Class inherited Determines prestige and power

    10. Land King gave land to Lords Lords give land (fiefs) to vassals (lower lords) Vassals promise loyalty and service to lords Peasants (serfs) worked on manors (estates) Knights- mounted warriors to protect lands

    11. Manors Economic side of Feudalism Manor- lord’s estate Lord gives serfs land, shelter, protection in exchange for work Peasants- self-sufficient community Peasants pay high taxes & live harsh life Tax on grain and marriage Marriages approved by lords Had to tithe- 1/10th of earnings Small 1 room cottages Accepted their place in society based on bible

    12. Holy Roman Empire

    13. Structure Different ranks of religious officials Allowed shared religious beliefs to unify Sacraments- important religious ceremonies Cannon Law- law of Church (guides conduct)

    14. Holy Roman Empire German-Italian Empire King Otto I (Otto the Great) Forms alliance with church Most effective ruler, invades Italy for Pope Italians resent his rule/ Pope fears his power

    15. Holy Roman Empire Pope & Emperor clash Clash of choosing clergy Lay investiture- ceremony where king appoints clergy 1075 CE Pope Gregory VII bans it Henry IV – “not pope, but false monk” Excommunicated- removed from church Compromise reached/ German power declines Concordant of Worms- church right, emperor veto Power struggles within Church + Empire split feudal states

    16. Reform Church power weakened by: Clergy Marriages Simony- positions in Church sold by bishops Secular- worldly (non religious) king leads Church was restructured to resemble a kingdom Extended Pope’s power & Church Authority New religious orders revitalize the Church

    17. Cathedrals Cities of God Gothic- style of architecture from Goth tribes Tall, light and used stain glass Replace Romanesque Style Built all over Europe 1170-1270

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