The Jazz Age and the KKK

1. The Jazz Age and the KKK

2. Klan Resurgence > Timeline of Klan History • founded during Reconstruction, collapsed in 1870s • revived in 1915 (in part because of the movie Birth of a Nation) • resurgence of popularity in the 1920s, but collapsed again by the 1930s • again reappears in the 1950s

3. Klan Resurgence > Poster for the Film The Birth of a Nation by W.G. Griffith (1915)

4. Klan Resurgence > NAACP Protest the Screening of The Birth of a Nation, 1947

5. Klan Resurgence > Key Scenes in The Birth of a Nation • intertitles drawn from A History of the American People (1902) by then-president Woodrow Wilson • black legislators lolling in their chairs in the South Carolina legislature in the early 1870s • white children don white sheets and scare black children nearby, “inspiring” Klan outfits • Klansmen dump the body of the character Gus, an African American, who they had killed for causing a young white woman, Flora, to jump off a cliff

6. Klan in the 1920s > Washington, D.C. Parade

7. Klan in the 1920s > Social Movements Supported by the Klan • prohibition • anti-immigrant sentiments • anti-radicalism • religious fundamentalism • morality and family values

8. Klan in the 1920s > Different Historical Explanations of the Klan • racist and nativist movement • populist movement • reform movement • reactionary movement

9. Immigration Restriction > Ku Klux Klan Marching in DC

10. Immigration Restriction > Cartoon on the Literacy Test

11. Immigration Restriction > Cartoon on the Quota Act of 1921

12. Immigration Act of 1924 (The Johnson-Reed Act) • Based ceilings on the number of immigrants from any particular nation on 2 percent of each nationality recorded in the 1890 census • Was directed against immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe who arrived in large numbers after 1890 • Barred all immigrants ineligible for citizenship on racial grounds, including all south and east Asians (including Indians, Japanese, and Chinese)

13. Immigration Act of 1924 > Annual Immigration Quotas • Germany - 51,227 • Great Britain - 34,007 • Ireland - 28,567 • Italy - 3,845 • Hungary - 473 • Greece - 100 • Egypt - 100

14. Immigration Act of 1924 > Map of Europe, Literary Digest, 1924

15. Immigration Restriction > U.S. v Bhagat Singh Thind, 1923

16. Prosperity > Who Prospered in the 1920s? • 1200 mergers caused the disappearance of over 600 independent enterprises • top 0.1% of U.S. families in 1929 had combined income as large as bottom 42% • i. e. approx 24,000 families had combined income as large as 11.5 million poor and lower-class families • per capita income in the U.S. rose 9% between 1920-1929 • per capita income for the top 24,000 families rose 75% • 80% of families had no savings • farmers did not prosper - 1/4 of all employment • less than 10% invested in the stock market

17. Prosperity > Bruce Barton, author of The Man Nobody Knows, here with Hollywood producer Cecil B. DeMille, 1920s

18. Prosperity > Welfare Capitalism: Shoe Company’s Billboard Ad, 1923

19. Prosperity > Comic Strip on Workers Owning Shares, 1929

20. Automobile > Automobile Sales and Registration

21. Automobile > Ford Model T, 1920s

22. Automobile > Ford Model T French Ad, 1924

23. Automobile > General Motors Ad, 1925

24. Automobile > Cadillac Ad, 1925

25. Automobile > Ford Assembly Line, Model A, 1928

26. Automobile > Ford Model A Ad, 1929

27. Automobile > Song about Ford Model A, 1928

28. Automobile > Chevrolet Ad, 1931

29. Automobile > Paige-Jewett Car Ad, 1929

30. Great Migration > Social Patterns • from rural areas to cities • from the South to the North • Appalachian whites • Puerto Ricans • African Americans

31. Great Migration > Motives • immigration slows down because of WW I • more work because of WW I • more jobs for groups previously left out--women, rural migrants, racial minorities • racial segregation and violence in the South • sharecropping • natural disasters such as floods and boll weevil infestations • conscious choice on the part of migrants (many did not leave)

32. Great Migration > Railroad Routes

33. Great Migration > Painting by Jacob Lawrence, 1940

34. Great Migration > Painting by Jacob Lawrence, 1940

35. Harlem Renaissance > Marcus Garvey’s Supporters Parade in Harlem

36. Harlem Renaissance > NAACP Anti-Lynching Ad in the New York Times

37. Harlem Renaissance > Zora Neale Hurston Photo by Carl Van Vechten

38. Harlem Renaissance > The Crisis Ad for Black Swan Records, 1923

39. Harlem Renaissance > The Crisis Cover, 1929

40. Leon “Bix” Beiderbecke, “Sorry,” 1928

41. Louis Armstrong, “Weather Bird,” 1928

42. New Woman > Magazine illustrations: “Gibson Girls” by Charles Gibson--a beauty standard of the 1900s--and a flapper by John Held, Jr. from the 1920s

43. New Woman > Suffragists picketing the White House, January 1917

44. New Woman > Department Stores and Consumer Culture

45. New Woman > Working-class women at the turn of the century

46. New Woman > John Held, Jr.: Flappers have no manners or brains

47. New Woman > John Held, Jr.: “It’s all right, Santa-- you can come in. My parents still believe in you.”

48. New Woman > John Held, Jr., dustjackets for F. Scott Fitzgerald novels

49. New Woman > Film Actress Louise Brooks and a comic strip she inspired

50. New Woman > Actress Clara Bow, the ultimate flapper in It (1927) and Dangerous Curves (1929)