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Tijdvak 9 A Half Century of Crisis 1900 - 1950

. Three major events shook up the modern world system that had been created during Big Era Seven. . World War I. Depression. World War II. Why is Big Era Eight about crisis?. . . They could upsetthe balance ofpolitical and economicforces in themodern world.. What could the crises of Tijdvak 9 upset?.

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Tijdvak 9 A Half Century of Crisis 1900 - 1950

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    4. Communications networks made possible by the telegraph, telephone, and undersea cable. Transportation networks made possible by the railway, steamship, and (soon to come) airplane. Trade and financial networks. Diplomatic relations and alliances. Relations between imperial powers and the colonial peoples they ruled.

    5. Maps: Microsoft®Encarta®Reference Library 2002. ©1993-2001 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.Maps: Microsoft®Encarta®Reference Library 2002. ©1993-2001 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

    6. Map: G. Chaliand and J. Rageau, Strategic Atlas: A Comparative Geopolitics of the World’s Powers, 3rd ed. (Harper Perennial, 1992) Map: G. Chaliand and J. Rageau, Strategic Atlas: A Comparative Geopolitics of the World’s Powers, 3rd ed. (Harper Perennial, 1992)

    7. In Tijdvak 8, western European countries achieved greater economic power than most other countries as a result of industrialization. Many European governments and businesses wanted more overseas markets and raw materials. Western European military forces had big world leads in military technology.

    8. Photo: Beggar. Victim of famine in China. Library of Congress, Lot 10966-3 [item] [p&p], Reproduction number:  lc-usz62-68803 (b&w film copy neg.). Ccreated/published between ca. 1905 and 1926. Photo: Beggar. Victim of famine in China. Library of Congress, Lot 10966-3 [item] [p&p], Reproduction number:  lc-usz62-68803 (b&w film copy neg.). Ccreated/published between ca. 1905 and 1926.

    11. Photo Right: Battle of Adowa, Ethiopia. Artist unknown. Photo by R. DunnPhoto Right: Battle of Adowa, Ethiopia. Artist unknown. Photo by R. Dunn

    12. Maps: Microsoft®Encarta®Reference Library 2002. ©1993-2001 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.Maps: Microsoft®Encarta®Reference Library 2002. ©1993-2001 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

    13.

    14. World War I was fought in several parts of the world, though the longest and biggest battles took place in Europe. The war killed both soldiers and civilians, and it devastated both towns and countryside. Photo: Library of Congress LOT 11527 REPRODUCTION NUMBER:  LC-USZ62-75151.Photo: Library of Congress LOT 11527 REPRODUCTION NUMBER:  LC-USZ62-75151.

    17. Maps: Microsoft®Encarta®Reference Library 2002. ©1993-2001 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.Maps: Microsoft®Encarta®Reference Library 2002. ©1993-2001 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

    18. The war caused death and destruction in the Middle East and Africa—wherever fighting took place. It caused economic and social stress in all the European colonial empires. Photo of poster: Library of Congress POS - Fr .F68, no. 4 (C size) [P&P] REPRODUCTION NUMBER:  LC-USZC2-3947 (color film copy slide) Photo of poster: Library of Congress POS - Fr .F68, no. 4 (C size) [P&P]REPRODUCTION NUMBER:  LC-USZC2-3947 (color film copy slide)

    19. Societies all over the world contributed resources or soldiers to the war effort, gaining experience and a firmer voice on the global stage. Clear The Way!! Buy Bonds. Fourth Liberty Loan. US National Archives. Color poster by Howard Chandler Christy., ca. 1918, ARC Identifier: 542132 Faith in Canada, Use it all for Victory Bonds: Library of Congress POS - Can .A01, no. 2 (C size) [P&P] LC-USZC4-10666 French and African soldiers: Library of Congress POS - Fr .J65, no. 9 REPRODUCTION NUMBER:  LC-USZC2-3949 Symbolos da liberdade y da humanidade A Crux Vermelha, Măe de todas as nacőes: Library of Congress POS - WWI - US, no. 24 (C size) [P&P] LC-USZC4-7381 Clear The Way!! Buy Bonds. Fourth Liberty Loan. US National Archives. Color poster by Howard Chandler Christy., ca. 1918, ARC Identifier: 542132 Faith in Canada, Use it all for Victory Bonds: Library of Congress POS - Can .A01, no. 2 (C size) [P&P]LC-USZC4-10666 French and African soldiers: Library of Congress POS - Fr .J65, no. 9 REPRODUCTION NUMBER:  LC-USZC2-3949 Symbolos da liberdade y da humanidade A Crux Vermelha, Măe de todas as nacőes: Library of Congress POS - WWI - US, no. 24 (C size) [P&P] LC-USZC4-7381

    20. Indian Soldiers The Indian Army, http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Army/Images/0335.jpgIndian Soldiers The Indian Army, http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Army/Images/0335.jpg

    21. Ford factory, first assembly line, Highland Avenue, Detroit, MI: Library of Congress REPRODUCTION NUMBER 16239, Harvard University Graduate School of Design Gandhi & Nehru: Indian National Congress, http://indiannationalcongress.com/swraj.html South African Native National Congress: African National Congress, http://www.sahistory.org.za/pages/chronology/thisday/1912-01-08.htmFord factory, first assembly line, Highland Avenue, Detroit, MI: Library of Congress REPRODUCTION NUMBER 16239, Harvard University Graduate School of Design Gandhi & Nehru: Indian National Congress, http://indiannationalcongress.com/swraj.html South African Native National Congress: African National Congress, http://www.sahistory.org.za/pages/chronology/thisday/1912-01-08.htm

    22. Women everywhere took on new responsibilities outside the home as part of the Total War effort. Russia women soldiers: Spartacus Educational, http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Wdeath.htm 3 French women harnessed to plow: Courageous women, Oise, 1917, Library of Congress LOT 10282 [item] [P&P] REPRODUCTION NUMBER:  LC-USZ62-76025 American woman operating drill press. Naval aircraft factory, Washington, D.C., Library of Congress LOT 5353, REPRODUCTION NUMBER:  LC-USZ62-80606 Russia women soldiers: Spartacus Educational, http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Wdeath.htm 3 French women harnessed to plow: Courageous women, Oise, 1917, Library of Congress LOT 10282 [item] [P&P] REPRODUCTION NUMBER:  LC-USZ62-76025 American woman operating drill press. Naval aircraft factory, Washington, D.C., Library of Congress LOT 5353, REPRODUCTION NUMBER:  LC-USZ62-80606

    23. In 1917, the Bolshevik Party led a successful Communist revolution in Russia. The Bolsheviks overthrew the monarchy of the Tsar, which had been in power for centuries. Russia had been an ally of Britain, France, and the US. But Lenin, the Bolshevik leader, took Russia out of World War I. Lenin: Mosaic in Moscow Metro Station. Photo by R. Dunn Czar Nicholas II of Russia: Library of Congress, Call Number: LC-B2- 792-8[P&P] Reproduction Number:  LC-DIG-ggbain-03879 (digital file from original neg.). Medium: 1 negative : glass ; 5 x 7 in. or smaller. Created/Published, 1909. Lenin: Mosaic in Moscow Metro Station. Photo by R. Dunn Czar Nicholas II of Russia: Library of Congress, Call Number: LC-B2- 792-8[P&P] Reproduction Number:  LC-DIG-ggbain-03879 (digital file from original neg.). Medium: 1 negative : glass ; 5 x 7 in. or smaller. Created/Published, 1909.

    25. The 1920s saw silent film, tango, flappers, and jazz gain global popularity. Charlie Chaplin: Encarta Encyclopedia Archive Photo Women in front of car: http://korea.park.org/Japan/NTT/MUSEUM/html_ht/KA005700_e.html Silent movie lovers: http://www.indiaheritage.com/perform/cinema/person/silentstar.htm – Indian cinema Sulochana (left) and Dinshaw Billimoria in Anarkali, 1928 What-cha gonna do when there aint no jazz by Wendling, Pete. New York: Stark & Cowan, 1920. Library of Congress, American Memory, Rare Book, Manuscript, and Special Collections Library, Duke University, CALL/REPRODUCTION NUMBER Music A-6606; 1920. Charlie Chaplin: Encarta Encyclopedia Archive Photo Women in front of car: http://korea.park.org/Japan/NTT/MUSEUM/html_ht/KA005700_e.html Silent movie lovers: http://www.indiaheritage.com/perform/cinema/person/silentstar.htm – Indian cinema Sulochana (left) and Dinshaw Billimoria in Anarkali, 1928 What-cha gonna do when there aint no jazz by Wendling, Pete. New York: Stark & Cowan, 1920. Library of Congress, American Memory, Rare Book, Manuscript, and Special Collections Library, Duke University, CALL/REPRODUCTION NUMBER Music A-6606; 1920.

    27. Brazil picture from www.leedor.com/fotografia/ escenasdebrasil.shtml USA: Unemployment benefits aid begins, Lange, Dorothea, photographer.1938 Jan., Library of Congress CALL NUMBER:  LC-USF34- 018312-D, Reproduction Number: LC-USF34-018312-D France: Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum, http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/images/photodb/27-0640a.gif . Brazil picture from www.leedor.com/fotografia/ escenasdebrasil.shtml USA: Unemployment benefits aid begins, Lange, Dorothea, photographer.1938 Jan., Library of Congress CALL NUMBER:  LC-USF34- 018312-D, Reproduction Number: LC-USF34-018312-D France: Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum, http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/images/photodb/27-0640a.gif .

    28. Sit-down strikers in the Fisher body plant factory number three. Flint, Michigan. Dick, Sheldon, photographer. CREATED/PUBLISHED, 1937 Jan.-Feb, Library of Congress CALL NUMBER:  LC-USF34- 040027-D [P&P], REPRODUCTION NUMBER:  LC-USF34-040027-D (b&w film nitrate neg.) LC-USZ62-131617 Sit-down strikers in the Fisher body plant factory number three. Flint, Michigan. Dick, Sheldon, photographer. CREATED/PUBLISHED, 1937 Jan.-Feb, Library of Congress CALL NUMBER:  LC-USF34- 040027-D [P&P], REPRODUCTION NUMBER:  LC-USF34-040027-D (b&w film nitrate neg.) LC-USZ62-131617

    29. ..

    30. By the mid-1930s, there was a three-way struggle for control of modern world’s future. Hitler and Mussolini walking in front of saluting military in Venice, June 14-16, 1934: Library of Congress CALL NUMBER  LOT 11415 REPRODUCTION NUMBER:  LC-USZ62-99614 Stalin: "Soviets must do 100 yr. job in 10 or perish,“ Library of Congress CALL NUMBER:  BIOG FILE - Stalin, Joseph, 1879-1953 [item] [P&P] REPRODUCTION NUMBER  LC-USZ62-127379 Hitler and Mussolini walking in front of saluting military in Venice, June 14-16, 1934: Library of Congress CALL NUMBER  LOT 11415 REPRODUCTION NUMBER:  LC-USZ62-99614 Stalin: "Soviets must do 100 yr. job in 10 or perish,“ Library of Congress CALL NUMBER:  BIOG FILE - Stalin, Joseph, 1879-1953 [item] [P&P] REPRODUCTION NUMBER  LC-USZ62-127379

    32. Leaders of capitalist democracies believed that they could meet the challenges of Communism and Fascism… ..

    33. Pineapple plantation: Library of Congress Digital ID: cph 3c08295   Source: b&w film copy neg. Reproduction Number: LC-USZ62-108295 Pineapple plantation: Library of Congress Digital ID: cph 3c08295   Source: b&w film copy neg. Reproduction Number: LC-USZ62-108295

    34. As they recovered from the Depression, both Germany and Japan became increasingly aggressive. When Hitler invaded Poland in 1939, Britain and France went to war against Germany. World War II was underway. At first, Fascist Germany and Communist Russia had a tense alliance. But when Hitler invaded Russia in June 1941, Stalin allied Russia with Britain and the United States. The US entered the war after Japan bombed Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941.

    35. World War II Alliances Hitler and Mussolini: Library of Congress LOT 11415 [item] [P&P] REPRODUCTION NUMBER:  LC-USZ62-99613 (b&w film copy neg.) Stalin, Roosevelt, and Churchill: Library of Congress LOT 11597 <item> [P&P] REPRODUCTION NUMBER:  LC-USZ62-91957 (b&w film copy neg.) Hitler and Mussolini: Library of Congress LOT 11415 [item] [P&P]REPRODUCTION NUMBER:  LC-USZ62-99613 (b&w film copy neg.) Stalin, Roosevelt, and Churchill: Library of Congress LOT 11597 <item> [P&P]REPRODUCTION NUMBER:  LC-USZ62-91957 (b&w film copy neg.)

    36. Microsoft®Encarta®Reference Library 2002. ©1993-2001 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.Microsoft®Encarta®Reference Library 2002. ©1993-2001 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

    37. Women had big share in filling these bundles for Berlin in a Canadian plant, Library of Congress CALL NUMBER:  LOT 915 [item] [P&P], REPRODUCTION NUMBER:  LC-USZ62-128311 Ashanti troops in Gold Coast Regiment. Library of Congress CALL NUMBER:  LC-USE6- D-008885 [P&P], REPRODUCTION NUMBER:  LC-USE6-D-008885 India in the war. Indian soldiers in action before the capture of Keren. Library of Congress CALL NUMBER:  LC-USE6- D-008633 [P&P], REPRODUCTION NUMBER:  LC-USE6-D-008633 Women had big share in filling these bundles for Berlin in a Canadian plant, Library of Congress CALL NUMBER:  LOT 915 [item] [P&P], REPRODUCTION NUMBER:  LC-USZ62-128311 Ashanti troops in Gold Coast Regiment. Library of Congress CALL NUMBER:  LC-USE6- D-008885 [P&P], REPRODUCTION NUMBER:  LC-USE6-D-008885 India in the war. Indian soldiers in action before the capture of Keren. Library of Congress CALL NUMBER:  LC-USE6- D-008633 [P&P], REPRODUCTION NUMBER:  LC-USE6-D-008633

    38. New weapons and tactics of war made World War II even more destructive and deadly than World War I. Wreckage of giant German transport planes intended for the Axis troop evacuation from Tunis, Library of Congress, CALL NUMBER:  LC-USW3- 029215-E [P&P], REPRODUCTION NUMBER:  LC-USW3-029215-E (b&w film nitrate neg.) Wreckage of giant German transport planes intended for the Axis troop evacuation from Tunis, Library of Congress, CALL NUMBER:  LC-USW3- 029215-E [P&P], REPRODUCTION NUMBER:  LC-USW3-029215-E (b&w film nitrate neg.)

    39. Both sides in the war targeted civilians.

    40. Mushroom cloud, Library of Congress, CALL NUMBER:  POS 6 - U.S., no. 1176 (C size) <P&P>[P&P]Mushroom cloud, Library of Congress, CALL NUMBER:  POS 6 - U.S., no. 1176 (C size) <P&P>[P&P]

    41. Maps: Microsoft®Encarta®Reference Library 2002. ©1993-2001 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.Maps: Microsoft®Encarta®Reference Library 2002. ©1993-2001 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

    42. "Buy War Bonds" (Uncle Sam) US National Archives ARC Identifier: 514010, 1941 - 1945 "Buy War Bonds" (Uncle Sam) US National Archives ARC Identifier: 514010, 1941 - 1945

    43. Jo Spier. "The Marshall Plan and You.“ The Hague, the Netherlands: Ministry of Economic Affairs, 1949, p.5., Averell Harriman Papers, Manuscript Division. Jo Spier. "The Marshall Plan and You.“ The Hague, the Netherlands: Ministry of Economic Affairs, 1949, p.5., Averell Harriman Papers, Manuscript Division.

    44. The USSR also emerged from the war stronger than ever. It rebuilt its economy without Western aid. It created an empire in Eastern Europe. It worked to spread Communist ideas and revolutions. It became the USA’s main rival for power in the modern world. Red Army soldiers in the USS, CALL NUMBER:  LC-USF345- 091145-A [P&P], REPRODUCTION NUMBER:  LC-USF345-091145-A (b&w film neg.), 1941?Red Army soldiers in the USS, CALL NUMBER:  LC-USF345- 091145-A [P&P], REPRODUCTION NUMBER:  LC-USF345-091145-A (b&w film neg.), 1941?

    45. Ships of 3rd fleet steam into Tokyo Bay, Japan, for the occupation, US National Archives ARC 520921, 08/1945 NAIL Control Number: NWDNS-80-G-472620, Local Identifier: NWDNS-80-G-472620 Mao Tse-Tung, leader of China's Communists, addresses some of his followers. US National Archives, ARC Identifier: 196235, 12/06/1944, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library (NLFDR), 4079 Albany Post Road, Hyde Park, NY 12538-1999 Ships of 3rd fleet steam into Tokyo Bay, Japan, for the occupation, US National Archives ARC 520921, 08/1945 NAIL Control Number: NWDNS-80-G-472620, Local Identifier: NWDNS-80-G-472620 Mao Tse-Tung, leader of China's Communists, addresses some of his followers. US National Archives, ARC Identifier: 196235, 12/06/1944, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library (NLFDR), 4079 Albany Post Road, Hyde Park, NY 12538-1999

    46. Nehru and Gandhi: www.meadev.nic.in/perspec/ ind-spl/intro.htm Nehru and Nkrumah: Library of Congress NYWTS - BIOG--Nkrumah, Kwame—Ghana REPRODUCTION NUMBER:  LC-USZ62-112315 (b&w film copy neg.) Replace Ho Chi Minh with http://www.temple.edu/history/images/minh1.gifNehru and Gandhi: www.meadev.nic.in/perspec/ ind-spl/intro.htm Nehru and Nkrumah: Library of Congress NYWTS - BIOG--Nkrumah, Kwame—Ghana REPRODUCTION NUMBER:  LC-USZ62-112315 (b&w film copy neg.) Replace Ho Chi Minh with http://www.temple.edu/history/images/minh1.gif

    47. Maps: Microsoft®Encarta®Reference Library 2002. ©1993-2001 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.Maps: Microsoft®Encarta®Reference Library 2002. ©1993-2001 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

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