Chapter 4

1. Chapter 4 The Colonies Grow

2. Section 1: Life in the Colonies • Population Growth: Between 1607 and 1790: 600,000 Europeans and 300,000 Slaves came to America • Traveler of the colonies suggests that the colonies were “as different as fire and water,” and would never be able to unite.

3. Life in New England • SMALL farms • Subsistence farming meant farmers produced just enough food for their families, not to sell. • Shipbuilding and fishing were major economic factors (Ways to make money). • Ships from New England would trade goods (furs, fruit, and fish) to the Southern Colonies and to the West Indies.

4. Triangular Trade • The trade route to different countries formed the triangular trade. • On one leg of the route, ships took fish, grain, meat, and lumber to the West Indies. • In the West Indies, the ships captain traded for sugar, molasses (syrup), and sugar. The colonists used molasses to make rum. • The rum was used to be traded to Africa, in return for slaves that had been captured.

6. The Middle Passage • The Middle Passage is The route enslaved Africans took to the West Indies • It was a horrific voyage filled with disease, torture, heat, and death • The people were treated as cargo, and at times chained in the lower galleys of ships for the journey.

7. Life in the Middle Colonies • Farming was better here than in New England • Cash Crops, or crops that sold in markets in the colonies or overseas, were grown. • NYC and Philadelphia became major ports, importing and exporting products. • 100,000 Germans settled in Pennsylvania during this time. They became successful farmers. • The colonies now had Cultural Diversity – or a variety of different peoples, not found in New England

8. Southern Colonies • They had no need to develop trade or industry because their farming was going so well • Slaveholders with rich properties became rice from tobacco. • Corn and Rice were popular in the South

9. Plantations • Plantations were very large farms. They were located around rivers so the crops could be sent to the ports quickly • They often had slave cabins, barns, and stables. Some plantations were large enough to have their own blacksmith shops and storerooms • They might have their own kitchen, church, or school.

10. Slaves • Slave Codes were laws slaves had to follow • Plantation owners hired overseers to keep slaves working hard • Slaves were whipped for minor offenses and burned or hanged for serious crimes. • Those who ran away were often caught and punished severely

11. Criticism of Slavery • Slavery was the main reason for economic success of South Carolina • Not everyone believed in slavery • Puritans refused to hold enslaved people • Quakers did not allow slavery • Now that you know who believed in slavery, what did it take to end it?

12. Section 2 Government Religion and Culture

13. Making Money • Remember, mercantilism is the idea that A nations power depends on its trade and increasing gold reserves. • To make money a country had to export to sell abroad, more goods than it imported from foreign markets.

14. Navigation Acts • Navigation Acts, Forced colonies to use English ships, and NOT foreign ships. • Even if those foreign ships offered cheaper rates • Colonists often ignored the laws and started smuggling goods to Europe or the West Indies

15. 3 types of colonies • Charter Colonies were established by settlers who had been given rights and privileges (Conn., Rhode Island) • Proprietary Colonies – were ruled by individuals who Britain had granted land. (Del, Maryland, Penn,) • Royal Colonies were directly ruled by England. (Georgia, Mass, NH, NJ, NY, NC, Virg.)

16. Govt in Royal Colonies • Parliament (The English Government) appointed a governor for each colony known as the upper house. • The colonists elected the lower house • Conflicts would happen when laws like taxes came from England • Only white men who owned land could vote.

17. The Great Awakening • In the 1730’s and 1740’s, puritans believed that a “rebirth” of religion was necessary. • They wanted a return to strong faith of the old days • Preachers such as Jonathan Edwards of Massachusetts were very convincing in their ways. • The great awakening led to the formation of new churches, especially in the South.

18. A New Colonial Culture • All members of the families worked on the farm (including children and women) • Children would work as apprentices or learning assistants, and learn a trade

19. Women • Married women were considered subject to their husbands authority • Unmarried women might work as maids, cooks, and nurses. They could not vote

20. The Enlightenment • The enlightenment the idea that knowledge, reason, and science could improve society. • Some religious leaders feared independent thinking. • Enlightenment spread through newspapers, lectures, and organizations

21. Warm-up 11/26 • Look back at your notes and describe Ben Franklin. List a few of his accomplishments to this point in history.

22. The Man, the Myth, the Legend…..(No not Mr. Poore) • Ben Franklin, learned the printing trade as a young man, owned his own newspaper by 23

23. Ben Franklin • He invented the lightning rod, bifocal eyeglasses, and the efficient stove for heating. • In Philadelphia he founded a library, a hospital, a fire department, and what would become the University of Pennsylvania. • He was a statesman and a patriot, that would guide the colonies toward independence.

24. Section 3 France and Britain Clash in America

25. France Vs. Britain • Colonists set out to explore the Ohio River, however the land belonged to the French • The French were angry, because they felt the English were taking their fur trading lands. • The result was the French building forts on one side of the border and English Colonists building forts on the other side.

27. A Right hook by France • The colonists of both countries joined the rivalry France and Britain have had for years. • France attacked Nova Scotia (Canada) in the 1740’s. England responded by taking an important fortress at Louisbourg on Cape Breton Island, North of Nova Scotia • The British colonists felt surrounded by all the French settlements.

28. Native Americans Take Sides • Native Americans favored the French cause they treated them better. • The Iroquois traded with both colonists, and took advantage of the situation • However, as English colonists moved west toward Ohio, they came under pressure and eventually allied with the British against the French.

29. Introducing Another Great Man (Good Guess, but again it’s not Mr. Poore) • A group of Virginians wanted to settle in Ohio and they sent a young George Washington to the territory. • He delivered a message to the French to leave English land, but France did not move • In spring of 1754, he was named lieutenant colonel and was sent back to Ohio with a Militia, or a civilian army, of 150 men.

30. Building Forts • Washington established Fort Necessity near the French fort, Fort Duquesne • The French surrounded Washington and his soldiers, and forced them to surrender. • They were later released and sent back to Virginia. In spite of defeat, English colonists saw Washington as the man who struck the first blow against the French.

31. Back in Albany • While Washington struggled, representatives in NY talked about war. • They prepared for a war with France. • Ben Franklin suggested what would be known as the Albany Plan of Union. • Ben Franklin wanted a single elected legislature for all the colonies.

33. Failure • Not a single colonial assembly passed Franklin’s idea • A disappointed Franklin wrote, “Everyone cries, a union is necessary, but when they come to the manner and form of the Union their weak noodles are perfectly distracted.” • War with France was on the horizon, and the Albany meetings failed to unite the colonists against the French and Native Americans.

34. Section 4 The French and Indian War

35. Warm-up 11/28 • Why was it important that the colonies did not unite together as one against the French?

36. English Government gets Involved • Previously the conflict was about the colonists. • In 1754, England sent General Edward Braddock to drive the French out of the Ohio Valley • It took Braddock and his army 32 days to go through the forest. George Washington served as one of his guides. He spent time building roads and other paths in the wilderness

37. “Poore” Decisions • Washington tried to tell Braddock that his armies formal style of marching was not well suited to fighting in the frontier. • It made them easy targets by the French and Native American Sharpshooters. • On July, 9th Native Americans fought from behind trees and hills, and fired at the bright red uniforms. • The British could not see their attackers

39. Full Scale War • Braddock ordered an orderly retreat, however the opposite happened, and the troops panicked. • Braddock was killed, and the battle was a bitter defeat. Washington led the survivors back to Virginia. • Word got back to England about Braddock • Britain officially declared war on France.

40. Seven Years’ War • In Europe, the French and Indian War was called the Seven Years’ War • The first years were disastrous for colonists. Native Americans used roads that General Braddock built on his way through Ohio against them. • They killed settlers, burned farmhouses and crops, and drove families back to the coast.

41. Warm-Up 11/29/07 • Describe the events that kick started the French and Indian War.

42. New Prime Minister • William Pitt came to power as England’s Prime Minister • Colonists complained about having to pay for the war. • Pitt decided to pay the full cost, only didn’t tell colonists they would have to pay for it after • Pitt didn’t just want the Western Territory, he wanted to conquer all of French Canada.

43. Officers Jeffrey Amherst and James Wolfe recaptured the fort at Louisbourg and captured Fort Duquesne Quebec the capital of New France was thought to be impossible to attack One of Wolfe’s scouts found a poorly guarded path up the back of a cliff at night. They defeated the guards and surprised and defeated the French capital. Wolfe died in battle. The Tide Turns

44. One of Wolfe’s scouts found a poorly guarded path up the back of a cliff at night. • They defeated the guards and surprised and defeated the French capital. Wolfe died in battle.

45. Warm-up 11/30 • Why did the English have problems initially taking over Quebec?

46. Treaty of Paris • The fall of Quebec and General Amherst’s capture of Montreal brought the fighting to an end • The peace treaty, the Treaty of Paris, let France keep the West Indies, but was forced to give up Canada. • They also had to give up Lands east of the Mississippi River. Spain received lands West of the Mississippi River. • France lost all power in North America

48. New Boundaries • The King of England stopped the settlers from traveling further west, to avoid the fighting with the Native Americans. • The Proclamation of 1763 stated that the Appalachian Mountains became the Western Border for the colonies • This brought the first conflict between colonists and England, which would be the first of many in the coming years……….DUN DUN DUN!!!!