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IEEE 802 Tutorial: Video over 802.11

IEEE 802 Tutorial: Video over 802.11 Presenters: Ganesh Venkatesan (Intel) Alex Ashley (NDS) Ed Reuss (Plantronics) Todor Cooklev (Hitachi) Contributors Ganesh Venkatesan, Intel Corporation Alex Ashley, NDS Ltd. Ed Reuss, Plantronics Yongho Seok, LG Electronics Youjin Kim, ETRI

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IEEE 802 Tutorial: Video over 802.11

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  1. IEEE 802 Tutorial:Video over 802.11 Presenters: Ganesh Venkatesan (Intel) Alex Ashley (NDS) Ed Reuss (Plantronics) Todor Cooklev (Hitachi)

  2. Contributors • Ganesh Venkatesan, Intel Corporation • Alex Ashley, NDS Ltd. • Ed Reuss, Plantronics • Yongho Seok, LG Electronics • Youjin Kim, ETRI • Emre Gunduzhan, Nortel • Harkirat Singh, Samsung • Todor Cooklev, Hitachi America Ltd. • Sudhanshu Gaur, Hitachi America Ltd. • Graham Smith, DSP Group • Joe Kwak, InterDigital • Don Schultz, Boeing • Paul Feinberg, Sony

  3. OUTLINE Motivation. Why? - Use Cases Challenges. What? - Video and its characteristics How? - current 802.11 mechanisms Further work Limitations in the current 802.11 mechanisms Possible areas of work Activities outside 802.11 Conclusions

  4. Motivation: Use Cases Flexibility of not having to deal with wires is a compelling reason to use 802.11 for video streaming Video Streaming encompasses a broad range of use cases This tutorial will focus on a subset of use cases Solutions to improve performance for use cases at one end of the spectrum may not be effective to those at the other end

  5. Use case dimensions • Uncompressed or Compressed* • Unicast, Simulcast, Simulcast w/data, Multicast or Broadcast • Low resolution, standard definition, High Definition, studio quality • Resource considerations at the renderer (power, CPU, memory) • Source from Storage (DVD), realtime, Interactive, time-shifted content, location-shifted content • Dense versus Sparse video networks • Audio/Video rendered on the same device or Audio is rendered at speaker(s) wirelessly connected to the video renderer. • DRM (content encrypted) or no-DRM (content unencrypted) * Uses Cases of interest in the tutorial

  6. Use Cases Projector Home theater (AV receiver) Wireless AP (Internet gateway) DTV Camcorder Home PC Digital camera STB (Cable TV access) DVD player PMP • Many applications including … • Delivering multiple HD streams to several receivers • Displaying stored digital contents from media servers to display devices • Browsing contents in distributed devices through big screen TVs

  7. Use Cases: Multicast Laptop PC Laptop PC Home PC STB (Cable TV access) AP PMP PMP PMP PMP • Content server multicasts multimedia streams to many authenticated users. • Regardless of how many users receive the streams, a single WLAN channel is expected to be used. • Content server can be STB, PC, AP, or even any portable devices.

  8. Use Case: Row of Houses Brick construction 2 Compressed Audio/Video Streams HD or SD Typically two hops per stream AP possibly in different room Additional bandwidth for one voice call and moderate data traffic Random bursty BE traffic

  9. Use Case: Multiple Occupancy Dwelling • Apartments in a high-rise setup • Brick outer construction, concrete floors, drywall inner • 2 SD Audio/Video Streams or 1 HD stream • Typically two hops per stream • Additional bandwidth for one voice call and moderate data traffic 9

  10. The usage model for TV is very different from the usage model for the Internet 94 % 8 hours 66 % 42% 33 minutes TVs are viewed typically for longer hours per day Video over wireless experience should be comparable to the current experience over ‘wired’ connection(s) From – The challenges for Broadcast Television over Wireless in-home networks, Alex Asley and Ray Taylor, NDS Ltd. U.K. Percentage of homes Hours per day USA Ireland Internet Television

  11. Use Cases – Typical Requirements

  12. Motivation for video over 802.11 • The number of homes with TV is greater than the number of homes with Internet • The average US home has 3 TVs • 802.11 must work when every home is simultaneously using their network • People are used to high-quality video • The potential market is huge

  13. What is video?Not all bits are created equal Intra (I) frames, Predicted (P) Frames or Bidirectional (B) Frames. MPEG-2 typically uses one I-frame followed by 15 P/B frames to make up a GOP. Video Sequence Group of Pictures (GoP) Slice Macroblock Picture (Frame) Block (8x8 pixels)

  14. Transport Stream

  15. One TS contains audio, video, data TS Header (4 bytes) has an adaptation field control. This is used among other things to identify the presence of PCR (Program Clock Reference) following the header.

  16. How big are video frames? Y-axis – frame size in bytes

  17. From video frames to 802.11 packets • Video frames typically span multiple 802.11 packets • TS header may contain PCR – critical for keeping audio/video in sync • if lost, quality suffers dramatically • The effect of 802.11 packet loss is different depending upon its contents

  18. How are the metrics defined? • Rendered Video Quality Metrics (e.g. Mean Opinion Score) • Network performance Metrics (Packet Loss, End-to-End Delay) • Link Metrics (PER, throughput) • With Video – • For a given set of network performance metrics it is not easy to predict what the corresponding Video Quality Metric would be • For the same set network performance metrics depending on the content of the video stream, the rendered Video Quality Metric could be different Network Rendered Video Video Content

  19. Video Bitrates • Constant Bit-rate (CBR) • Constant when averaged over a short period of time (e.g. 500ms) • Per-picture adaptation of encoding parameters to maintain bitrate • Stuffing used to fill to required bitrate • Variable Bit-rate (VBR) • Variable when averaged over a short time • Tends to produce less variable picture quality (complex scenes can use higher bitrates) • Statistical Multiplexing • A version of variable bitrate encoding when multiple streams are placed inside a constant bitrate channel • Bitrate is allocated to each stream based on encoding demands of each stream

  20. Packet loss • If one packet is lost this will affect other correctly received packets • Therefore the propagation effects of a packet loss can be significant • Single packet error typically corresponds to the loss of a small frame (P/B) or the loss of a part of a big frame • Burst packet loss – significant degradation

  21. Parameters* Max duration of an error event <= 16 ms; 1 error event per 4 hours Max video/audio delay < 200/50 ms; max jitter < 50 ms 21 * From TR-126 www.dslforum.org

  22. Why is video a unique problem? As a result of compression: Highly variable bit rate Inter-frame data dependency Some frames are more important than others Sensitivity to loss and delay However the effect of packet loss is content-dependent Resiliency to bit errors Error concealment can be used 22

  23. Video over Wireless Challenges Hey, it is wireless Interference, path loss Limited number of channels in unlicensed bands Channel characteristics constantly change (dynamic) Medium access non-deterministic (802.11 is originally designed for data) STA physically moves in the same BSS Inter-stream synchronization Between audio rendered at remote speakers and video Between one video stream and multiple audio streams

  24. Current 802.11 Mechanisms Distributed medium access (EDCA) prioritization Centralized medium access (HCCA) admission control and bandwidth reservation Direct Link Dynamic channel selection (802.11h) RRM/Management (802.11k/v) HT (802.11n) PHY techniques for improved robustness

  25. 802.11k&v Features for Video • 11k: Frame Request/Report identifies STAs/APs (channel survey). • 11k: Location (LCI) Request/Report may provide location information to sort STAs into in-home or external. • 11k: Noise Histogram and Channel Load • 11v: Extended Channel Switch permits relocating BSS to selected channel (selection based on channel survey). • 11k: Link Measurement and Beacon Request/Report characterize initial link quality in terms of signal level (RCPI) and SNR (RSNI) for video stream at setup time.

  26. 802.11k features to monitor quality • 11k: Transmit Stream Measurement Request/Report for direct video stream monitoring using triggered reports (alerts) on transmit stream MSDU retries, discards, failures or long delay. • 11k: Link Measurement Request/Report to track ongoing video link quality in terms of signal level (RCPI) and SNR (RSNI) for STA to STA streams. • 11k: Beacon Request/Report to track ongoing video link quality in terms of signal level (RCPI) and SNR (RSNI) for AP to STA streams with conditional reporting (alerts). • 11v: Presence Request/Report may detect onset of motion of transmitting or receiving STA to indicate changing link conditions.

  27. Limitations in current 802.11 mechanisms Limited prioritization Lack of inter-layer communication Limited set of QoS parameters Limited capability to dynamically tweak QoS parameters Lack of content-specific methods

  28. Possible areas of work MAC-level techniques Selective Repetition to mitigate packet loss Smart packet drop Finer prioritization among streams and within one stream Content-specific methods QoS policy (establishing, monitoring, adaptation) Inter-Layer communication (Vertical interaction) PHY-MAC MAC-higher layers

  29. Other data MPEG2 Packetized Audio Elementary Stream MPEG2 Packetized Video Elementary Stream PHY frame MAC frame PHY frame MAC frame Possible solutions: Illustration MPEG2 Packetized Transport Stream • Dynamic QoS • Finer granularity priority levels • Content aware protection, transmission, retransmission, etc. … • Content-aware PHY adaptation • Beamforming / STBC • Coding / Modulation, etc. …

  30. Multiple Priority Levels Inter-stream and Intra-Stream priorities Real-time video has different QoS requirements compared to stored media. Current standard has provision for video access category and provides one service to all kinds of video including real-time video, stored media etc Possible scope for improvement Use different set of channel access parameters to differentiate premium content, real-time, stored media content For example, more granular control of AIFSN can be used to differentiate video streams 30

  31. Content Aware Techniques Some video frames are more important than others (I > P > B frames) Current MAC/PHY layers don’t differentiate among different frames Possible content-specific methods MAC Layer Frame based retry limits, fragmentation size, QoS parameters As a result of PHY/MAC communication: Frame based FEC coding, modulation scheme, 802.11n specific features such as STBC, Beamforming etc. 31

  32. Do FEC, do not check CRC

  33. Related activity outside 802.11 • CEA R7 Home Network Group • IETF Audio/Video Transport (AVT) Working Group • Specification of a protocol for real-time transmission of audio/video over unicast/multicast UDP/IP • RTP/RTCP • ISO (MPEG-2/4) • ITU-T Video Coding Experts Group (VCEG) • DLNA uPnP • Other • Video over cellular networks • Video over DSL, cable, powerline, etc.

  34. Conclusions • Video is different from data; existing 802.11 mechanisms are not sufficient • The home networking industry at present is not planning to use 802.11 for video distribution! • Instead, cable or powerline are being used • 802.11 will be the medium of choice only if more is done in a timely fashion. The industry is ready for 802.11 based Video Streaming NOW.

  35. Some references • ISO MPEG2 standard and ITU equivalents H.261, H. 262, H. 264 • HDMI • ITU-R BT.656 and BT.470-5 • 3GPP Techniques to transport sub-streams – Advanced Multi-Rate encoding, specifications 26.091 V6.0.0, 26.101 V6.0.0 and 26.102 v7.1.0, www.3gpp.org • TR-126 (http://www.dslforum.org/techwork/tr/TR-106.pdf) • MediaFlo, FloTM Technologies by Qualcomm • http://www.compression.ru/video/quality_measure/index_en.html • There have been a number of 802.11 WNG presentations, 11-05-0910-01-0wng, 11-06-0039-01-0wng, 11-06-0360-00-0wng contain more references

  36. Backup

  37. Video Characteristics GOP Size (bytes)

  38. 11n use cases: application specific details (doc.: IEEE 802.11-03/802r23)

  39. Packet Loss: Not all packets are born equal Single I-frame IP packet loss (14 frames affected) Single B-frame IP packet loss (1 frame affected) Furthermore the loss of an IP packet can mean the loss of a PES header or a loss of a timestamp at the TS or PES layer. The worst case for losing an IP packet causes loss of 0.5 seconds worth of video. Source – TR126, www.dslforum.org

  40. Error Concealment at the renderer Error concealed using a simple average of Macro Blocks around the region corresponding to lost data No Error Concealment From “Error Concealment Techniques for Digital TV by Jae-Won Suh and Yo-Sung Ho, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BROADCASTING, VOL. 48, NO. 4, DECEMBER 2002, Pages 299-306.

  41. Resiliency to bit errors

  42. Limitations in Current 802.11 Mechanisms (QoS + EDCA TSPEC Admission Control) Delay variation Throughput variation From “Evaluation of Distributed Admission Control for the IEEE 802.11e EDCA by Yang Xiao and Haizhon Li, University of Memphis, IEEE Radio Communications, Pages S20-S24”

  43. QoS policy needs to be dynamic Establishing QoS contract with QoS parameters Monitoring the established contract Channels may changing The behaviour of admitted streams can change Based on the monitoring, the capability to take appropriate actions should be provided A good service may offer tiered QoS, for gradual degradation. e.g. the transmitter may support variable bitrate output There may be multiple content contributors. Cable TV provider may be responsible for video delivery Telco may be responsible for Telephony Consumer may have purchased the home networking infrastructure

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