Multi-Species Acceptable Environmental Conditions

1. Multi-Species Acceptable Environmental Conditions http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_yK-JrLCSUM&feature=player_embedded

2. Let’s do a little Big Bang Physics • ∆ T core = + Rd +Cd+Cv–Ev+ Hp = 0 • ∆ T core = Body core Temperature • Rd = Radiation (when 2 surfaces of different temperatures) • Cd = Conduction (opposite of insulation) • Cv = Convection (special case of conduction, fluid or wind over a surface) • Ev = Evaporation (heat loss only, cooling when water evaporates off) • ...............humidity can affect • Hp = Heat Production (A chemical process) • The cost to maintain 0-zero is the cost of production

3. Insulation (3 layers) • Itotal = T + Ex + A • I = Insulation • T = Tissue (skin, fat, blood flow/vasodilation & vasoconstriction) • Ex = External (Hair, Fleece, Feathers, Fur) • Highly variable….season, weather • A = Air (Air between hair, fleece, feather, fur) • Rough versus smooth makes a difference (Brahman vs Scotch Highland) • Rain can remove rapidly

4. Did you know? • That sweat dripping off your hat or elbows doesn’t help much • It is the evaporation ( of sweat that cools you down (convection)

5. Evaporation

6. Sweating

7. PantingGood panters move a lot of air without much energy • Dog =Short rapid • Chicken = Flutter – move a lot of air without much energy

8. Termoneutral Zone

9. Temoneutral Zone

11. Did you know? • How do young lambs and calve survive the cold? • 1. Shelter (out of the wind, south-east/southern exposure) • 2. They have brown fat (1-3 weeks) that makes more energy (heat) than shivering • does not apply to pigs and chickens • A hot ration is cool (due to Heat Increment….heat of fermentation)

12. Poultry

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15. Ventilation Pigs Poor air quality can increase the risk of respiratory disease and even at very low temperatures air exchange must still take place. Signs to look out for which potentially indicate too high an air speed:Pigs moving away from a given area Pigs huddling together Pigs dunging and urinating in the lying area Poor pig performance If it is too hot, appetite will be suppressed

16. HUMIDITY Some ventilation systems control the relative humidity (RH) within the building as well as temperature Heating incoming humid air will reduce the RH, increasing its capacity to remove water vapor from within the building, producing a cooling effect and a healthier atmosphere, without having to increase ventilation rate Pigs can tolerate a wide range of RH, from 60 to 90%

18. 2 inch ridge opening for every 10 feet Wall opening – the more the better Insulate for condensation control Ventilation

19. Air Quality and Human Health “Are you or your family working in a health hazardous environment?”

20. Potentially Toxic Gases

21. Using Proper Ventilation when agitating and pumping manure from a deep pit. One Foot of Air Space between the manure level and the bottom of a slotted floor in a deep pit system. Construct Manure Storage outside of buildings if possible. Monitor ventilation systems regularly control air quality, temperature and moisture in buildings. Good Management and Safety Considerations

22. Post all confined spaces with “Keep Out” signs and other placards. Educate local emergency officials about your facilities and conditions that cause potential problems. Do not enter confined spaces without a self-contained breathing apparatus or other proper safety equipment. Confined Space Safety

23. Tag or Mud Scale (scale 1-5) The hide is one of the greatest sources of contamination. These can be carried by SHUD. E. coli O157:H7 Salmonella spp.

24. Mud

25. Clean Water Diversion Divert water from ENTERING the feedlot

27. Water run-off control with the use of a gutter system

28. Earthen - Cheaper but takes more management Concrete - More expensive but can concentrate animals more Geotextile Cloth/Gravel (relatively new) Be careful don’t punch hole when scraping Yard Surface -some examples-

31. Pen slopes should generally range from 2 to 6% 3% considered optimal by many operators Slope away from from feed bunk and roadway Keep pen length to less than 250 ft to control erosion (the steeper the slope, the shorter the pen should be) Pen Slope

32. Cleaning a Dirt Lot

33. Picture: NDSU-Carrington Is bedding beginning to stick to the hind quarters?...time to renew Modest bedding was a minimalist approach with limited amounts of straw provided so calves did not have to lay on snow or frozen manure.  Generous bedding was double the amount of straw in the modest bedding treatment.

34. Ohio Livestock Standards Board – Egg Laying Chickens • Farms not defined as “existing farms,” and wishing to utilize a cage system, may only utilize an enriched cage system. Enriched cage systems must meet at least the following requirements: • 1. the slope of the cage floor must not exceed eight degrees, • 2. a minimum of 67 square inches per layer must be provided, • 3. manure from birds in upper cage levels does not drop directly on birds in lower cage levels, and • 4. features must be provided in addition to feed and water, such as areas for nesting, scratching, perching, and/or dust bathing.

35. Housing and Space AllowanceUnited Egg Producers

36. Feedlot & Shed Guidelines

37. Perimeter Feed Bunk(inches/head)

38. Design Types

39. Winter – 1 linear inch per head Summer - > 2 linear inches per head On fence line or in middle of pen? 10-foot apron (10-20 foot apron from bunk to water if closer to feed source) Not right next to feed source Closer to end of pen: reduce pen moisture? Apron around trough with 2-3% slope Frost Free Water Troughs

40. Water System Requirements

42. Odor Smells tend to travel down slope in the evening in summer Visual dust more likely to result in odor complaints Clip weeds/grass (collect dust) Unused feed can cause odor too Odor

43. Nutrition & Odor • •Establish more precise dietary formulations • Phase feedings, split-sex feedings • •Reduce dietary protein levels • Crude protein from 16% to 12%-reduces • ammonia levels by 40%, add fiber further • decrease ammonia levels by 5-15% • •Replace phosphorus with phytase • 500-1000 units of phytase, reduces fecal • phosphorus by 30-60% • •Adjust feeders - reduce spillage

44. CREDITS: RETURN

45. Find the EDGES Fence lines where manure mixes with soil Edges of feeding aprons Edges of potholes, pen corners, and gates Along pen drainage channels and holding ponds Wet areas around waterers Underneath feed bunks were feed accumulates Bottom side of fence boards Bug Control using Sanitation

46. In corners of feed bunks were feed accumulates Manure accumulation under fences/facilities in corral/handling areas Edges of stored manure and silage Edges around hay storage and damp areas under bales The edgesbetween dark and light are good resting areas for flies Continued.

47. Flies cannot develop in dry materials Use clean gravel and other fill to eliminate low spots in feedlots and dry lot areas Use proper tiling Control weed growth around facilities Control wet feeds Don’t provide crop residue Clean up uneaten feeds Cont.