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Admin. Review. Lesson 27. Gulf War 1 1990-1991. Enabling Objectives. Define the military capabilities of the coalition forces and the Iraqi military after the invasion. Describe the Navy and Marine Corps role in the different phases of Desert Shield and Desert Storm.

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  1. Admin

  2. Review

  3. Lesson 27 Gulf War 1 1990-1991

  4. Enabling Objectives • Define the military capabilities of the coalition forces and the Iraqi military after the invasion. • Describe the Navy and Marine Corps role in the different phases of Desert Shield and Desert Storm. • Describe the national strategic implications of the Post Cold War and its effects on policy and the Navy.

  5. Remember our Themes! • The Navy as an Instrument of Foreign Policy • Interaction between Congress and the Navy • Interservice Relations • Technology • Leadership • Strategy and Tactics • Evolution of Naval Doctrine

  6. The Immediate Post-Lehman Navy (1987-1991) • The Navy continued to be built around the big-deck carrier. • Navy continues to be dominated by the carrier aviation and nuclear submarine communities. • Question for the 1990’s: What was the proper size and composition of the surface fleet in an era of shrinking appropriations? • Desert Shield/ Desert Storm (1990, 1991)

  7. Operation Desert Shield(Defense of Saudi Arabia) U.S. National Policy Objectives: • Iraqi withdrawal from Kuwait • Restoration of Kuwait’s legitimate government • Security and stability of Saudi Arabia and the Persian Gulf • Safety and protection of the lives of American citizens abroad • Repayment of war reparations • Destruction of weapons

  8. Naval Role in Desert Shield • Initial deterrent to invasion of Saudi Arabia. • Maritime Intercept Operations (MIO) • United Nations-approved blockade of trade with Iraq. • Sealift - Maritime Pre-positioning Ships (MPS) • 95% of all equipment moved into theater by the sea. • Air strikes against Iraqi forces achieved air supremacy. • Ready Reserve Fleet ships Six carrier battle groups (CVBGs) and two battleship battle groups (BBBGs). • Marine forces • SEAL Teams

  9. Operation DESERT STORM“The Mother of all battles has begun.”- Saddam Hussein • Four-phased campaign • Phase 1- Strategic Air campaign • Phase 2- Air supremacy in theater • Phase 3- Battlefield Preparation • Phase 4- Offensive ground campaign

  10. Air Campaign • Commenced 17 Jan 1991 • Naval • Tomahawks (52) • Three carriers • Air superiority in the first hours of war

  11. Maritime Campaign • Phase 1 and 2 • Participate in air and establish sea control • Phase 3 • Attack ground forces w/ Aircraft and naval Gunfire • Phase 4 • All of the above and amphibious feints, demos, prepare assaults

  12. ASUW • 143 Iraqi naval vessels destroyed/damaged • All Iraqi ports/bases damaged • All northern Persian Gulf oil platforms secured • No attacks by Iraqi surface ships on coalition

  13. Countermine • U.S. assets include MCM-1, 2 MSO ships, 6 MH-53E • Two ships hit: U.S.S. Tripoli and U.S.S Princeton

  14. Amphibious Warfare • ATF conducted 5 operations: • Raided Umm Al- Maradim off Kuwait • Against Faylaka Island • Against Ash Shuaybah port Facility • Against Bubiyan Island • Landing of 5th MEB in Saudi Arabia • Resulted in Iraqi focus on their western flank.

  15. Ground Campaign • 24-28 Feb -- 100 hour campaign • Marine Contribution: • I MEF committed two Infantry divisions • Naval Force amphibious assault on Kuwait Coast • I MEF took 8000 prisoners 20 miles into Kuwait by the end of day 1. • Kuwait airport by 27 Feb

  16. Conclusions • Estimated Iraqi losses • 100,000 soldier dead, wounded and captured, 3847 tanks, 1450 armored personnel carriers, 2917 artillery pieces and 32 aircraft • 86,000 est. prisoners • U.S. • 313 combatant and non combatant • Coalition • First since WWII- fastest victory ever • Importance of power projection from the sea

  17. A Cold War? • Gulf War fought with Cold War equipment using Cold War tactics. • Air Attacks on pre-planned targets. • Targeting reminiscent of Cold War strategic bombing plans. • Not Network-Centric

  18. Toward Network-Centrism • National Sensor Exploitation • Development of FAC (A) Doctrine • Strategic Judgment: Air power was effective, but not so effective that ground forces could be neglected

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