Life on the eve of the Industrial Revolution

1. Life on the eve of the Industrial Revolution • Describe an average day in the life of an average British citizen in the early to mid 1700s. Harvest Scene, by George Vicat Cole

2. What is the Industrial Revolution and What Changes did it Bring? • The life of the average English family was forever changed when the Industrial Revolution began in 1750. • Task for Today: • We will develop a more detailed understanding of the Industrial Revolution, through studying it as a series of 6 steps. • We will develop a more detailed understanding of the changes brought by the Industrial Revolution to work and family life. • We will introduce these changes here and explore them in more detail in later lessons.

3. Industrial Revolution (Components of the Process) Each Step Causes/Leads To The Next and Together They Comprise the Evolution of the Industrial Revolution These Changes Were Radical and Forever Altered Economic and social life!!

4. Life in England Before the Agricultural Revolution Before 1780 England was an agricultural economy. Most people lived in small country villages and worked as farmers while others worked as small home-based producers.

5. Farming System in England Before the Agricultural Revolution Wealthy aristocrats owned land. Family farmers rented small strips of land and paid landowners with some of the crops they grew. Mother, father, and children all worked the farm.

6. Home-Based Production: Domestic System While most people worked on farms others worked in small home-based production systems. They made their products in a system of labor called the domestic system. Domestic System: Merchant buys raw materials from farmer Pays individual/family to make final product in their own home  Merchant takes back finished product  Sold to customer at market.

7. Step One: The Agricultural Revolution

8. The Beginnings of the Agricultural Revolution • Both farming and the domestic system would radically change with the onset of the Agricultural Revolution in England. • Agricultural Revolution: • Consists of two major innovations: • New Farming Techniques • Enclosure Movement • First major event that moves rural, farming England away from an agricultural society and toward an industrial and mechanized society.

9. New Farming Techniques Seed Drill • Enabled farmers to plant seeds in orderly rows.

10. New Farming Techniques • Earlier agricultural methods said that land should lie fallow after cultivation. • What is the disadvantage of this? • New agricultural research discovered that the cultivation of clover or turnips would actually help restore the fertility of soil between growing periods. • What is the advantage of this? Crop Rotation

11. Enclosure Movement With new farming techniques, farming now has the potential to be profitable. Wealthy landowners began to consolidate and enclose all fields to implement these new techniques. Parliament passes laws (Enclosure Acts)that permit common lands to be enclosed into private farms worked by a small labor force.

12. Effects of the Agricultural Revolution • Doubles food production. Why? • Ends the tenant farming system. What happens to farmers? • Created successful farming businesses. How?

13. Each of these effects has an associated effect that helps lead to the Industrial Revolution 1. Doubles food production 2. Ends the tenant farming system Created successful farming businesses

14. Step Two: Technological Changes in the Textile Industry Increased demand for cotton as a result of population growth. Domestic system cannot keep up with demand. Demand for a new way to spin cotton more quickly.

15. Inventions that Revolutionize Textile Industry: Spinning Jenny Invented by James Hargreaves in 1756 Enabled operator to simultaneously spin dozens of threads.

16. Inventions that Revolutionize Textile Industry: Water Frame Invented by Richard Arkwright in 1750s Operator could spin several hundred spindles Demanded water power. Thus required larger specialized mills—factories.

17. Inventions that Revolutionize Textile Industry: Cotton Gin Invented by Eli Whitney in 1793 Quickly and easily separates cotton fibers from seeds – a job previously done by hand. Enabled cotton growers to keep up with increased demand for cotton. Locked the entire economic system of the American south into a cotton slave economy.

18. New Textile Technologies Lead to the Demand for Factories • Why?

19. Step Three: Introduction of Factories and the Factory System • Wealthy landowners began to build and invest in factories near waterways. • Virtually all production moves out of the home and into the factory. • This marked the introduction of the factory system. • The Factory System • Technical Definition: A concentration of the processes of manufacturing—fixed capital, raw material, and labor—under one roof, in order to provide the mass production of a standardized product(s). • Replaces the Domestic System

20. Step Four: Invention of the Steam Engine • Most machines used in mills used water power. This had two limitations: • Factories had to built near waterways • Water did not provide a lot of power so factories were limited in how many machines they could have or how fast the machines could run. • Industry needed a new, cheap, and efficient source of power and it found it in the steam engine.

21. Steam Engines Propelled the Industrial Revolution By: 1. Providing almost unlimited power. 2. Factories could be built in a variety of locations – not just near waterways. 3. Promoting breakthroughs in other industries: cotton, flour, breweries, and iron.

22. Step Five: Mechanization of Iron and Coal Industries • Coal • Provided the power to drive steam engines. • Demand for coal increased. • Iron • Invention of more factory equipment increased demand. • Once expensive, iron became a cheap and basic building block of the economy • Annual Iron Production in England: • 1740: 17,00 tons • 1844: 3 million tons

23. Step Six: Growth of Railroads • Rapid growth of iron and textile meant that improved transportation was needed: • Fuel and raw materials had to get from mines to factories • Manufactured goods had to get from factories to consumers • First effective railroad built in England in 1830 • Facilitates growth of national markets which in turn encourages the growth of larger factories.

24. Implications of the Industrial Revolution • The Industrial Revolution unfolds as a series of six steps which together revolutionize technology and manufacturing. • However the IR is not solely a technological revolution. • These technological changes have DRASTIC effects on work and family life. • Over the next several days we will look at what these changes were and the effects they had on work and family life.