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Origins of European Printmaking

Origins of European Printmaking. Art 515 Kristofer Plona. Printmaking in the North. Development greatly impacted by the development of the printing press Arguably the most important invention in a century of fine arts

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Origins of European Printmaking

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  1. Origins of European Printmaking Art 515 Kristofer Plona

  2. Printmaking in the North • Development greatly impacted by the development of the printing press • Arguably the most important invention in a century of fine arts • Dramatic effects on social trends, politics, religion, education, and economy

  3. Printmaking in the North • First instances of printmaking occur in the 14th century as printed imagery appears on playing cards, tapestries, stained glass, and text illuminations • Earliest dated woodcut appeared in Brussels in 1418 • Initially, woodcuts served as affordable images for devotion; prints sold to pilgrims as proof of their travels to holy sites throughout Europe

  4. Block Books • Constructed by pilgrims • Religious in context • Used by clergy for educational purposes • BibliaPauperum or “Pauper’s Bible” contained the sum of religious knowledge • Over 100 pages and 40 illustrations and bound • Linear prints and colored by hand by other artists or the owner of a given print Scene from BibliaPauperum Ink on Vellum Bavarian State Library, Munich (World Digital Library)

  5. Block Books World Digital Library

  6. Printing Press • Demand for cheaper books • Johannes Gutenberg, mid-1500s • First instance of movable type • First printed book was the Mazarin Bible (also referred to as the “Gutenberg Bible”)

  7. Gutenberg Bible • Combined movable type with hand-drawn illuminations • Printed in Latin; Three volumes • 1,282 pages; 290 separate characters, 42 lines of text with two columns • Text illuminations signal the beginning of new verses • Origin of standardized spelling and grammar • Page breaks included Johann Gutenberg Page From 36-Line Bible Ink on Vellum The Library of Congress, Washington D.C. (World Digital Library)

  8. Gutenberg Bible Worlds Digital Library

  9. Map Making Martin Waldseemüller World Map w/ Gores Printed 1507 (Landau & Parshall)

  10. Map Making Martin Waldseemüller World Map w/ Gores Printed 1507 (Landau & Parshall)

  11. The Woodcut • Early woodcuts linear in nature with heavy outlines • Color, texture, value, and perspective an afterthought • Visual arts spiritual in nature Anton Sorg Devils Tormenting Abraham in His Cell Printed 1482 (Landau & Parshall)

  12. Albrecht Duerer Self-Portrait at 28Oil on panel AltePinakothek, Munich

  13. Albrecht Duerer Self-Portrait at 28Oil on panel AltePinakothek, Munich KristoferPlona Self-Portrait at 26Digital Photography My Apartment, Milton

  14. Albrecht Duerer Samson Rending the Lion Woodcut / Woodblock British Museum, London (Landau & Parshall, 170)

  15. Albrecht Duerer Rhinoceros Woodcut 1515 (World Digital Library)

  16. 1482 1497

  17. Lucas Cranach the Elder St. George and the DragonChiaroscuro woodcut British Museum, London(Landau & Parshall, 186) Chiaroscuro woodcuts included multiple runs and colors Blue (Solid Background) 2) Black (Linear Woodcut) 3) Gold (Highlights)

  18. Printing Guilds • Professional organizations borrowing from previously founded guilds • Tools of metal workers, carpenters, sculptors, painters, illuminators, and weavers 1) Block making (maple, beech, cherry, etc.) 2) Image design for plate 3) Formschneider – cutting, carving 4) Rubricator – inks, papers, and printing

  19. Master of Balaam St. Eloy in his Workshop Engraving Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam(Landau & Parshall, 2)

  20. Israhel van Meckenem Dance at the Court of Herod Engraving National Gallery of Art, Washington D.C. (Landau & Parshall,58) Etchings and Engravings • Copper, brass, tin, and pewter plates • More durable than woodcuts • Larger editions possible • New tools developed: dry point and burin • Wide variety in line allows artists greater detail and full spectrum of value (lightness vs. darkness)

  21. Works Cited • Bitel, L., & Kelle, M. (n.d.). Devils Tormenting Abraham in His Cell. In Figurae. Retrieved April 30, 2012, from http://monasticmatrix.org/figurae/?function=summary&id=1229 • Parshall, Peter, and Rainer Schoch.Origins of European Printmaking.New Haven: YaleUniversity Press, 2006. Print • The Self-Portraits of Albrecht Dürer (2012). In Art History. Retrieved April 30, 2012, from http://employees.oneonta.edu/farberas/arth/arth200/artist/durer_intro.html • World Digital Library.United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, 7 Mar. 2012.Web. 8 Apr. 2012. from http://www.wdl.org/en/

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