Solid Waste & Impact

1. Solid Waste & Impact

2. DEFINITION OF SOLID WASTE Solid waste refers to all waste materials except hazardous waste, liquid waste, and atmospheric emissions.

3. SOLID WASTES AND HARZADOUS WASTE Solid Waste Community Waste Agricultural Waste Industrial Waste General Waste Household Hazardous Waste Non-Hazardous Waste Hazardous Waste Same as general waste Refuse Garbage • Paper • elastic • bottle • glass • textile • metal • Lether • rubber • etc. • Vegetable • Fruit • Food • etc. • Battery/Flash light • Fluorescent • Paint • Chemical Containers • Toxic Waste • Radioactive Waste • Chemical Waste • Explosive Waste • Corrosive Waste

4. SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SOLID WASTE GENERATION STORAGE COLLECTION TRANSFER/ TRANSPORTATION RECOVERY PROCESSING DISPOSAL

5. SOLID WASTE • Sources • Household • Commercial • Institutional • Market • Disposal • Sanitary land fill • Incineration • Decomposing Transportation

6. PROBLEM OF SOLID WASTE AND MANAGEMENT • Problem of source and collection • Problem of Transportation • Problem of disposal

7. Source Poor disposal at source Not separate of solid waste and hazardous waste Remaining solid waste Collection Collection service not cover all responsible area Lack of containers Improper containers Time consuming (due to solid waste collector spend time for separation) PROBLEM OF SOURCE AND COLLECTION

8. ON-SITE STORAGE • Primary containers • Communal containers

9. PRIMARY CONTAINERS • Bags, bins, buckets, etc. • Used to collect and store the solid waste on household level • In tropical urban environment, advised to storage not more than 24 hrs due to the serious risk of nuisance from odors and fly breeding

10. PROBLEM OF TRANSPORTATION • Falling of solid waste during transportation • Insufficient of transporting vehicle • Unsuitable collecting routing/time

11. PROBLEM OF DISPOSAL • Unsuitable location/improper design • Disposal site • No solid waste separation • Incorrect solid waste separation (eg. scavenger) • Not operated as designed (eg. Open dump and burn instead of sanitary landfill) • Lack of equipment and manpower • Inadequate of disposal area • Difficult to find disposal site areas

12. POOR SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL MANAGEMENT • Technical constraint • Budget constraint • Collection fee is very low • Social constraint (NIMBY SYNDROME)

13. THE PROBLEM OF COMMUNITY WASTE MANAGEMENT • Health Effect • Collectors do not ware safety suit • Collectors have high risk of infection • Communication • Lack of understanding in solid waste management • Ignore to do it right • Lack of participation • Lack of information

14. Public Health Aspects of Municipal Solid Waste Management Waste categories Potential health impacts in the waste cycle

15. Waste categories with potential public health impacts • Domestic waste General household wastes with used batteries and drugs containers, street sweepings with small quantities of excreta • Special and hazardous wastes Health care waste (sharp and infectious components), toxic chemical, pharmaceutical and other industrial wastes, as well as radioactive wastes • Other bulky wastes Untreated abattior wastes, construction wastes with asbestos components and sludge for treatment plants

16. Potential health impacts in the waste cycle Generation and storage Treatment and disposal Collection and transfer Waste recovery, recycling and reuse

17. Groups at risk from adverse public health impact of MSWM • The population of unserved areas, especially pre-school children • Waste operators and waste pickers • Workers in facilities that produce infectious, toxic, and cancer-causing material • People living close to waste disposal facilities • The population supplied with water polluted by waste dumping or by inadequately protected landfill sites

18. Public health impacts if waste picking • Minor occupational impacts from dust and sharps • Significant occupational impacts from toxic chemicals, in recycling waste with high heavy metal content • Significant in case of recycling of poorly disinfected infectious waste

19. Occupational hazards associates with waste handling Accidents Chronic Diseases Infections

20. Accidents: • Muscular-skeletal disorders resulting from the handling of heavy containers • Wounds, most often infected wounds, resulting from contact with sharp waste • Intoxication and injuries resulting from contact with small amounts of hazardous chemical wastes collected with garbage • Trauma, burns, and other injuries resulting from occupational accidents at waste disposal sites, or from methane gas explosion on landfill sites

21. Infections: • Dermal and blood infection resulting from direct contact with waste and from infected wounds • Ophthalmologic and respiratory infections resulting from exposure to infected dust, especially during land filling operation • Zoonosis resulting from bites by wild or stray animals feeding on wastes • Enteric infections transmitted by insects feeding on wastes

22. Chronic diseases: • Incineration operators are especially exposed to chronic respiratory diseases resulting from exposure to dust; to toxic and carcinogenic impacts resulting from exposure to hazardous compounds; to cardiovascular disorders and heat stress resulting from expose to excessive temperature; and to loss of hearing function due to exposure to excessive noise.

23. Environmental pathways of health hazards from waste disposal facilities Landfills Composting Incinerators

24. Composting • Minor occupational impacts from dust, sharp objects and small amounts of infectious wastes

25. Incinerators • Direct impacts: occupational accidents and chronic diseases, air pollution by particulates, heavy metals, and toxic chemicals • Indirect impacts: soil pollution by fly ash falling down, chemical water pollution from acid wastewater, and leachates from ash disposal in landfills

26. Landfills • Direct impacts: accidents, fires, explosions, dust, smoke, noise, odors, insects, rodents, stray animals • Indirect impacts: Surface water pollution by runoff from the landfill, and underground water pollution by leachates

27. Summary of waste-linked diseases and conditions with their causes or pathway of transmission Injuries and chronic diseases Bacterial, virus, or parasitic infections Tropical diseases transmitted by water borne vectors in urban areas

28. Injuries and chronic diseases • Cuts and infective wounds from sharp waste • Burns from fires generated in wastes • Trauma from collapses of huge waste piles • Burns or wounds from hazardous chemicals in waste • Toxication and cancers from exposure to hazardous waste • Chronic respiratory diseases from exposure to dust

29. Bacterial, viral, or parasitic infections: • Bacterial or viral, blood infections resulting from injuries caused by infected sharp waste • Eye and skin infections from waste generated infect dust • Respiratory infections from exposure to waste-generated infected dust • Vector borne diseases, viral or parasitic, transmitted by vectors living or breeding in waste-generated ponds; and worm infestation transmitted by contact with polluted soil

30. Bacterial, viral, or parasitic infections: • Bacterial viral or parasitic enteric diseases, transmitted either: • By insects and rodents feeding on wastes • By accidental ingestion of waste food • Through drinking water contaminated by leachate from waste • Trough eating food contaminated by leachate from waste • Zoonosis carried by stray animals and rodents feeding on waste (rabies, plangue, leishmaniasis, hydiatasis, tick-borne fevers)

31. Tropical diseases transmitted by water-borne vectors in urban areas: • Malaria transmitted by anopheles mosquitoes • Dengue and yellow fever transmitted by aedes mosquitoes • Filariasis (Bancroftian) transmitted by culex mosquitoes • Schistosomiasis has bored by bulinus and other snails