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SHELTER

SHELTER. I n t e r n a t I o n a l R e c o v e r y P l a t f o r m. 1. Introduction. 2. Introduction to Shelter Recovery. Issue 1: Shelter Recovery Transitions. Sub-Issue: Relocation. Sub-Issue: Hazard-Resistant Design. Sub-Issue: Appearance and Function. TODAY`S AGENDA .

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SHELTER

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  1. SHELTER I n t e r n a t I o n a l R e c o v e r y P l a t f o r m

  2. 1. Introduction 2. Introduction to Shelter Recovery Issue 1: Shelter Recovery Transitions Sub-Issue: Relocation Sub-Issue: Hazard-Resistant Design Sub-Issue: Appearance and Function TODAY`S AGENDA Sub-Issue: Transitional Shelter Options Issue 2: Site Selection Sub-Issue: The Existing Site: Inherent Risk Sub-Issue: The Benefits of Staying On Site Issue 3: Project Implementation Method Issue 4 : Building Design

  3. TODAY`S AGENDA Issue 6 : Technical Assistance / Expertise Issue 5 : Legal Implications Sub-Issue: Land Use Ordinances and Construction Codes Sub-Issue: Land and Property Ownership Sub-Issue: Community Driven Adjudication Issue 7 : Construction Materials Sub-Issue: Temporary Housing Materials Sub-Issue: Reusing or recycling materials Issue 8 : Construction Labor Issue 9: Maintaining Lives, Livelihoods, and Community Character

  4. Introduction to Key Issues • Issue 1: Shelter Recovery Transitions • Sub-Issue: Transitional Shelter Options • Issue 2: Site Selection • Sub-Issue: The Existing Site: Inherent Risk • Sub-Issue: The Benefits of Staying On Site • Sub-Issue:Relocation • Issue 3: Project Implementation Method • Issue 4 : Building Design • Sub-Issue: Hazard-Resistant Design • Sub-Issue: Appearance and Function INTRODUCTION

  5. INTRODUCTION • Introduction to Key Issues • Issue 5 : Legal Implications • Sub-Issue: Land Use Ordinances and Construction Codes • Sub-Issue: Land and Property Ownership • Sub-Issue: Community Driven Adjudication • Issue 6 : Technical Assistance / Expertise • Issue 7 : Construction Materials • Sub-Issue: Temporary Housing Materials • Sub-Issue: Reusing or recycling materials • Sources of building materials • Issue 8 : Construction Labor • Issue 9: Maintaining Lives, Livelihoods, and Community Character

  6. SHELTER RECOVERY TRANSITIONS

  7. Sub Issue 1 : Transitional Shelter Options In the post-emergency recovery phase, it typically takes months to years for permanent housing to be restored. There are a number of options from which government or humanitarian organizations can choose. • Options • No Temporary Shelter Provided – family and friends, hotels, rentals (Case 1 and 2) • In-Situ Temporary Shelter (Case 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8) • Congregate Temporary Shelter—Camps (Case 10) • Facility Conversion (Case 11 and 12) SUB ISSUE 1 :TRANSITIONAL SHELTER OPTIONS

  8. Case 6: : Provision of Temporary Shelter - Marmara Earthquake • Lessons • Following the earthquake in Marmara, Turkey, many displaced disaster victims were provided with temporary shelter in congregate facilities while repair and construction efforts were ongoing. • However, these settlements eventually took root and garnered access to community services and utilities. • A business infrastructure consisting of markets, stores, and other services moved in to meet the ongoing demand, and likewise became more permanent in form and function. • The temporary settlements became more akin to city suburbs, leading to a situation where tearing them down presented immense political ramifications. • The result of these developments was a retention, if not an increase, in risk due to the fact that the congregate shelters were never intended nor designed for permanence - hazard resistant design was not employed. 2. In Situ Temporary Shelter

  9. Potential challenges • The positive impacts of this option on long-term shelter recovery include: • If the temporary housing unit is located close to the housing reconstruction effort, it will increase the likelihood that the victim participates in their own recovery • Demolition, debris clearance, and construction are all more easily performed if the victim is not residing In-Situ • If the victim is able to remain close to their source of livelihood they are more likely to transition successfully into a sustainable permanent housing option. • However, these options can also prevent a negative influence on the long-term shelter recovery process, including: • Owner-involvement can be more difficult to secure if victims become greatly dispersed over a wide geographic area • The costs associated with hotel and motel or alternate shelter financial support can draw off funding available for permanent housing if reconstruction efforts drag on indefinitely • The hotel and motel units may be more preferable than the victims’ permanent housing, causing them to be dissatisfied with their recovery outcome 2. In Situ Temporary Shelter

  10. 3. Congregate Temporary Shelter • The Government of Italy immediately began setting up congregate camps using high-quality family-sized tents to house the displaced population • Rather than transition into temporary housing while permanent structures were repaired or reconstructed, the Government instead chose to support families in these emergency shelters and attempt to bring about a more rapid transition from emergency to permanent housing. • The Government of Italy had previously encountered difficulty in bringing about the transition of victims from modular temporary houses (constructed from shipping containers) into the permanent homes - resulted in creation of permanent slums. • The tent camps were supported with field kitchens and medical clinics. • Case 10: Direct transition from Emergency to Permanent Housing L’Aquila Earthquake

  11. 3. Congregate Temporary Shelter • Case 10: Direct transition from Emergency to Permanent Housing L’Aquila Earthquake Source: IRF 2010, Italia Presentation

  12. LEGAL IMPLICATIONS

  13. Land Use Ordinances and Construction Codes • Sub-Issue 1: Land Use Ordinances and Construction Codes • Land use regulations and construction codes are one of the most effective hazard risk reduction mechanisms, yet are also one of the most difficult to apply and enforce. Case 14: Banda Aceh 2004 Understanding Codes and Laws • In order to ensure more widespread understanding of and compliance with resistant construction standards and laws, the United Nations Humanitarian Information Center (UNHIC) with BRR, produced a Shelter Data Pack. The Pack included: A list of NGOs working on shelter, Guidelines on community land mapping and village planning, Building Code for Aceh, guidelines on: Pricing indicators, Options for renters and squatters. • Lessons • Programs should facilitate understanding of which codes apply in which situations and how.

  14. Sub-Issue 2: Land and Property Ownership • Sub-Issue 2: Land and Property Ownership To address questions of land rights and property ownership, there are three primary options that may be called upon. These include: • Community-based councils rely upon the collective memory of community members and their leadership to determine who owned which properties, where and how large each plot was, to where the boundaries of the plot extended, and the physical area of the plot (community-driven adjudication) • Locating and reprinting deeds and other legal records, if they have been kept in a redundant fashion by the local or other government • Making standard, equal land allotments irrespective of prior claims of ownership in order to establish eligibility

  15. Sub-Issue 3: Community Driven Adjudication • Case 15: Earthquake and Tsunami, 2004, Banda Aceh, IndonesiaLand Mapping / Titles • Lessons The December 26 tsunami destroyed not only the built environment but also almost all records of land ownership. Eighty-percent of all land documents were lost. The Indonesian government set up the Reconstruction of Land Administration Systems in Aceh and Nias (RALAS). Starting in August 2005, this involved a process of ‘community-driven adjudication’ and land titling - affected communities undertook community land mapping. This included preparing inventories of landowners (and heirs) and marking the boundaries of land parcels. Agencies initially recorded this information in sketches, which were then converted to digital files. Survivors and community leaders signed the map to certify that it was correct. Once the community had reached agreement on land ownership and plot boundaries BPN provided professional mapping and issued land ownership certification. • Inheritance claims became a significant issue due to the large number of fatalities and the number of family members claiming inheritance rights. Special attention had to be paid to the rights of women, children and orphans.

  16. SITE SELECTION

  17. Sub Issue 1 : Existing Site; Inherent Risk • Sub Issue 1 : Existing Site; Inherent Risk The first decision that must be made when determining the site of recovery is whether the community can remain in its original location at all, or whether by doing so they would retain an unacceptable level or hazard risk. Sub Issue 2 : Benefits of Staying on Site • Almost without exception, victims will prefer to remain in the community, and on the same property, where they lived prior to the disaster. Location is associated not only with livelihood but also with history, culture, community, family, spirituality, and much more. • However, victims’ preference is not the only benefit to retaining the existing location. By staying in place, the burden of providing infrastructure and other wraparound services is almost certainly minimized. This includes, among other things, schools, government buildings, utilities, transportation networks, healthcare facilities, transmission lines, sewers. • And finally, the cost of relocation almost always eclipses the cost of reconstruction.

  18. Case 19: Bhuj Earthquake, 2001 In-Situ Recovery • In the State of Gujarat, there were approximately 344,000 houses destroyed and 888,000 damaged. When presented with reconstruction guidelines, which drew upon the lessons learned of previous earthquakes in India, the recipient communities formed a wide consensus that preferred in-situ reconstruction over relocation and the program moved forward in this context. • Following the earthquake in Latur, UNDP surveys found that while 97% of in-situ housing recipients were satisfied, only 48% of relocated recipients were satisfied. These communities were thus able to take advantage of existing transportation and energy infrastructure, existing water transmission and drainage systems, and wells. They were also able to retain and maintain their nearby fields. Sub-Issue 2: Benefits of Staying on Site

  19. Staying on site Pre-Fabricated Houses in Kraljevo, Serbia The damaged house (Category 6) with the pre-fabricated house at the back. Category 6 damage means it should be demolished and pre-fab house has to be built in the same area. To maintain objectivity in assessment, assessors are from outside Kraljevo. Size of pre-fabricated house differs according to the number of family members. This house is for a family of four. Costing about 19,000Euros, it takes only 15 days to construct after the foundation is prepared.

  20. Sub Issue 3 : Relocation • Sub Issue 2 : Relocation When a site assessment determines that relocation is the only or best option, government must first identify and secure viable land, and then undertake what amounts to a comprehensive yet accelerated (urban or rural) development-planning effort. • Relocating communities must have a say in their relocation • Assessment and programs for housing must consider the communities as a whole, and not simply as individual households – Banda Aceh • Relocation is a package – transportation, livelihoods, wrap around infrastructure – China • Reconstruction of relocation site to exactly resemble the previous settlement, through photos, maps, local knowledge, etc. – Bam Iran

  21. PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION METHOD

  22. PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION METHOD • Issue 4 : Project Implementation Method There is a growing consensus among development and recovery planners that the participation of the benefactors of a recovery program, and of the communities where they reside, is vital to recovery program success. However, the technical ability or operational capacity of these communities to assume all responsibilities associated with shelter recovery – including design, materials, and labor - will likely fall short. • Owner/Community-Driven Project Implementation • Government/Donor/NGO-Driven Project Implementation • Contractor-Driven Project Implementation • Hybrid (mixed between any or all of the above) Implementation Options

  23. Owner-Driven Reconstruction • The primary advantages of owner inclusion include: • Lower project costs • Higher rates of satisfaction • Higher occupancy rates • In owner-driven implementation, the recipients themselves can drive the selection of building materials and design. The self-help nature of the approach can restore community pride and address some of the psychosocial impacts. In the case of cash for work programs, it can help to keep many community members employed during the recovery phase. • With adequate financial and technical assistance, self-built houses are likely to be more sustainable. People, if given an option, tend to choose building materials and techniques that are familiar to them. Owner-Driven Reconstruction

  24. Sub-Issue: Owner-Driven • Case 29 : Bhuj Earthquake 2001 & Pakistan 2005 Owner-Driven Reconstruction • Lessons • In the initial weeks, the Government planned a housing reconstruction program that focused on relocation, similar to program used in the 1993 Maharashtra earthquake. The citizens of Gujarat were so opposed to any form of relocation that they protested successfully to have the government change its intended course. In response, the government adopted an owner-driven reconstruction plan. This World Bank funded effort included the provision of financial and technical assistance and subsidized construction materials with the goal of enabling victims to rebuild their own homes. 197,000 houses were rebuilt. • Almost three-quarters (72%) of villages took advantage of the opportunity to drive their own recovery • Proper technical and financial assistance is needed in owner driver programs – Pakistan (ERRA) Capacity Building program for stakeholders • Owners should have time available for this activity – not interfere with livelihoods – Afghanistan

  25. Sub-Issue: Owner-Driven • Case 29 : Pakistan 2005 Owner-Driven Reconstruction • The houses that collapsed were of kutcha construction, not the traditional techniques. As the population grew and wood became scarce and costly, builders largely abandoned traditional building techniques. Two traditional construction techniques considered seismically safe are dhajji, with timber frames common in Kashmir and Bhatar, with timber reinforced dry stone masonry in the Northwestern Frontier Province. Each of these traditional quake-resistant building techniques had been developed over centuries making use of local materials. • The National Engineering Services of Pakistan, the largest engineering consulting firm and the government’s general consultant on reconstruction, played a central role in developing safe housing guidelines for local construction techniques. They initially used the Californian codes that specified metal devices to connect timbers, but later adopted the excellent joints local carpenters used without metal. After a series of exhaustive sessions and review of various recommendations by a panel of national and international experts, an initial design menu based on brick, stone and block masonry was formulated and approved. Additional designs were also added later on to include timber design option and RCC (reinforced cement concrete) or confined masonry design option. The recent addition of Bhatar design has brought many previously non-complaint houses in the compliance net. • ERRA reports more than 90 percent of the 400,000 rebuilt houses complied with safe construction guidelines (not a code mandated by law), and more than 30 percent used vernacular architecture. So, tens of thousands of families who preferred traditional techniques rebuilt with greater safety. • (Natural hazards Unnatural disasters – World Bank)

  26. Sub-Issue: Owner-Driven • Case: Pakistan (ERRA) Capacity Building program for home owners • The training programme was an integral component of the overall strategy for rural housing reconstruction. • 12 Housing Reconstruction Centers were established at the sub-district level for training of Master Trainers – whowere to train home owners and masons with the help of mobile training teams. Total trained 300,000

  27. Government/Donor/NGO-Driven Project Implementation • Many governments have acted on the assumption that the fastest and easiest means of bringing about recovery is to either take full control of implementation or to put it in the hands of a professional construction contractor. The accuracy of these assumptions have been mixed, but it is generally more favorable only in situations where the affected population has very little knowledge, ability, or motivation to take on such a project. • Most instances where a government-driven approach has been applied have incorporated some degree of community participation in the planning process, in recognition of the increased likelihood of recipient satisfaction at the end of the recovery period. • Government/Donor/NGO-Driven Project Implementation

  28. Sub-Issue: Government-Driven • Case 26: Indian Ocean Tsunami, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India, 2004 • Government of India initiated a project to reconstruct 9714 damaged and destroyed houses. This effort was almost entirely government led, and included very little community or owner involvement in planning and implementation. Many homes and communities were relocated, and communities had little involvement in the selection of community and housing plot locations. Several communities expressed concern that their relocation sites present an extreme hardship with regard to accessing their agriculture or fishing livelihoods. Five years after the disaster, less than 1 percent of the more than 40,000 homeless victims had moved into their permanent structures.

  29. Contractor-Driven Project Implementation • The contractor-driven approach assigns the task of managing the overall reconstruction plan and efforts to a professional construction company. The company or companies select the housing design, construction materials, and expertise and labor (which are most often imported from outside the target community). The perceived benefits of such an approach are that it can bring about a very fast reconstruction with the least amount of effort. • In Pakistan, Bhuj Gujarat and China it was observed that the recipients can feel involved in a contractor-driven reconstruction process if they are provided with a range of housing options from which they may choose. • Contractor-Driven Project Implementation

  30. Contractor-Driven Project Implementation • Contractor-Driven Project Implementation

  31. Contractor-Driven Project Implementation • In hybrid implementation, strengths may be maximized while weaknesses avoided. • For instance, the members of a community may be willing to supervise the construction of their households but unable to do the actual work themselves. • There may also exist situations where general government oversight is required to ensure that hazard resistant construction is conducted, but the owners wish to do all of the actual design and construction themselves. • The benefits of hybrid programs are many, but most important is the existence of an opportunity for all stakeholders to feel a genuine part of the effort. • Examples: Bam Iran • Hybrid Implementation

  32. BUILDING DESIGN

  33. BUILDING DESIGN • Issue 5 : Building Design • Building design is one of several key components behind housing reconstruction effectiveness, acceptance, and sustainability. Design factors must be addressed if the house is to be suitable to the lifestyle of the occupants, and resilient to hazards. • Design can also influence the efficiency of the house, and help to improve the overall nature of the household and the community in which it is built. On the other hand, poor choices in design is likely to prevent the house from ever being used, or from surviving the next disaster event. Sub Issue 1 : Hazard Resistant Design Oftentimes, the anticipated hazard risk is reevaluated in the aftermath of a disaster, and building (construction) codes are correspondingly made more stringent to address these changes. Housing design is the cornerstone of “Build Back Better”. NOTE: Hazard resistant design demands construction-related technical expertise and training that exceeds what is normally held by local laborers

  34. Sub-Issue: Hazard Resistant Design • Case 37: Yogyakarta Hazard Resistant Design • Lessons After the earthquake, the Government of Indonesia sought to address seismic risk by increasing the prevalence of hazard resistant design in houses repaired or reconstructed in Yogyakarta. During reconstruction a government-sponsored training program called The Community Empowerment Program was initiated, focusing on raising awareness of earthquake resistant building methods among construction workers. The program’s goal was to increase the capacity of local laborers. • The affected communities supported these training sessions, and as a result the pace of recovery increased and costs were minimized (due to reduction in contract labor requirements). • The training further helped to ensure that houses built subsequent to the conclusion of recovery efforts would be done so in a manner that incorporated hazard resilient design. • To carry out this project, community members were organized into groups of ten to fifteen families, with each group selecting three members who would serve as leader, secretary and treasurer. These individuals attended training sessions, and then transferred the knowledge they gained to the remainder of the group (thereby allowing greater participation in a more limited number of training sessions).

  35. Building Design • Bam Iran - A housing recovery center called the “Technical Services, Materials Exhibition and Housing Samples Complex” was set up in a location central to the affected. Citizens in need of a new home could visit the facility and in a single facility secure grants or loans to finance their recovery, select from a range of different housing styles, acquire the necessary construction materials, and meet with and hire a contractor to conduct the work required. • Pakistan – Formulated a Compliance Catalogue. This contains various types of non-compliance, and measures needed to make the houses compliant explained through simple language and use of pictures and graphs.

  36. Building Design • Ｉran • Pakistan http://www.ucl.ac.uk/drrconference/presentations/VHarris.pdf

  37. SUB ISSUE 2 : Appearance and Function • Sub Issue 2 : Appearance and Function Building design must be cognizant of local building traditions concerning appearance and culture - they cannot be applied without adaptation. • Options Yogyakarta - Monolithic dome houses were installed in the village of New Ngelepen. These structures were considered advantageous because: - Monolithic Domes use half as much concrete and steel as traditional buildings. - The curved shape of the dome makes it resistant to wind and storm damage. - During earthquakes, Monolithic Domes move with the ground instead of collapsing. The homes cost only $1,500 to construct, making them highly cost-effective. However, they were very different from what the local population was accustomed to, and as such they initially rejected them outright. Later, the donor worked with recipients to modify the domes such that they were more acceptable, including the addition of outside gardens, an external kitchen, awnings, and other minor changes.

  38. SUB ISSUE 2 : Appearance and Function • Sub Issue 2 : Appearance and Function

  39. SUB ISSUE 3 : Engineered vs. Non-Engineered Design • Sub Issue 3 : Engineered vs. Non-Engineered Design Hazard resistant design may be characterized as engineered or non-engineered. Non-engineered structures are typically those that are informally constructed by individuals lacking formal construction training. These structures are typically built in a spontaneous, unplanned manner using traditional tools and materials and devoid of intervention from qualified architects and engineers. Case 37: Bhuj Earthquake Resistant Design Mindful that reconstruction should be an owner-driven process, with people given a choice of designs and building materials, the program built model houses in Bhuj that were used to train people in seismically safe technology, create awareness among village communities of the options available, and enable NGOs and others to access, learn and adapt these methods. The demonstration houses served an important public purpose in a setting where government housing assistance is disbursed without engineers and masons trained in building seismically safe houses being in place in every village.

  40. TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE/EXPERTISE

  41. TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE/EXPERTISE • Issue 6 : Technical Assistance/Expertise • In order to reduce future risk, and to ensure that houses are built in a safe and sustainable manner, there must be enough access to individuals with technical knowledge, or the training to transfer that knowledge. • Lebanon, July War 2006 - The project sought to provide housing repair and reconstruction assistance to 1,000 affected homeowners. • Three mobile reconstruction units, which were vans converted into mobile offices, were outfitted with necessary technical equipment and staffed by engineers, surveyors and architects to provide immediate reconstruction assistance to affected homeowners. • A post-recovery assessment found that mobile units allowed for faster, more efficient response. These units also allowed for greater reach of technical experts. Note

  42. CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

  43. CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS • Issue 6 : Construction Materials • There are seven principal categories through which building materials may be analyzed for suitability, including: • Quality • Cost-Case 50 • Appropriateness- Case 51 • Local Knowledge of Materials- Case 52 • Local Availability- Case 53, 54 • Impact on Local Markets- Case 55 • Environmental Impact of the Materials – Case 56, 57 • Other sub-issues • Sub-Issue: Temporary Housing Materials-Case 58, 59, 60, 61 • Sub-Issue: Reusing or recycling materials-Case 62 Note

  44. SUB ISSUE 1 : Sub-Issue: Temporary Housing Materials • Options • Lessons Case 53: Earthquake and Tsunami, 2004, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India Topic: Appropriateness of Materials Even though many traditional houses in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands had successfully withstood seismicity in the past, and the communities indicated that they preferred the traditional style for their function and appearance, the Government of India elected to construct houses using pre-fabricated materials. These structures had to be imported from mainland India, through contractors, at an apparently exorbitant average cost. Once they arrived, people immediately rejected them. -Imported materials often carry excessive costs that do not carry significant enough benefits to justify their use -Affected populations may reject imported materials if they are not appropriate for their preferences, cultural or otherwise

  45. Housing Material • When housing reconstruction in Aceh began, the cost of construction materials on the local market quickly rose. Steel, cement, bricks, wood, sand, and stone all became scarce, and expensive. • Uplink Banda Aceh, an NGO involved in housing reconstruction, mobilized a logistics team that worked to ship construction materials from elsewhere in Indonesia (including Jakarta and Southern Sumatra), to reduce prices and help local merchants restock their supplies. Local suppliers participated by letting the organization use their warehouse space. The organization was able to reduce the construction costs across the 3,000 houses they built by millions of dollars. • Professional logistics technical services may be required to match construction materials supply and demand • Case 57: Earthquake and Tsunami, Aceh, Indonesia, 2004: Impact on Local Markets • Lessons

  46. Housing Material • In the Cuban coastal town Los Palacios 84% of the homes were damaged. In several communities, including Los Palacios, a process using "eco-materials" has helped shelter recovery. • Eco-material construction uses local resources, which are turned into construction materials at a low cost, using local labor and performed within the community. • Eco materials use very little energy, thereby bringing costs down further. The project is managed by CIDEM (Cuban institute for Research and Development). To carry out the project, program management moves in quickly following a disaster to set up mini-factories using low-tech machinery. • The local population is tapped to do much of the labor involved in producing the materials. The factory produces about 1,200 blocks a day, which is enough to build one house. The Cuban government provides technical expertise. • Ecologically-friendly materials can reduce the negative toll on the environment • Eco-materials production programs are labor intensive - providing local employment • Eco-materials programs can reduce transportation and energy costs • Lessons • Case 58: Multiple Hurricanes, 2008, Cuba: Environmental Impact

  47. SUB ISSUE 2 : Reusing or recycling materials • Case 60: Yogyakarta Earthquake: Recycled Materials • In the housing recovery effort in Yogyakarta following the earthquake, brick masonry from damaged and destroyed structures was used extensively to cast-in-place concrete for the permanent structures. In doing this, construction costs were significantly reduced. • Crushing of the brick masonry wall rubble was performed. Through the process, brick rubble was crushed into fine aggregate required in the mixing of mortar and concrete. Using the mechanical device, 1 stone crusher operator and 6 support workers could create 15 cubic meters of aggregate each day, relying only on 0.6 liters of oil per cubic meter. Several stone crushers were deployed throughout the affected area, and rubble crushing was conducted extensively. • Brick masonry wall rubble is a good source of materials for use as aggregate in concrete used to build permanent replacement housing • Lessons

  48. SUB ISSUE 2 : Reusing or recycling materials • Case 60: Yogyakarta Earthquake: Recycled Materials

  49. CONSTRUCTION LABOR

  50. CONSTRUCTION LABOR • Issue 7 : Construction Labor • The most important source of labor is the affected Region. • There are three mechanisms by which local labor is typically compensated: • Food for Work: Food for work programs provide food aid for victims in exchange for reconstruction and repair labor. • Cash for Work: Like food for work programs, cash for work programs provide financial assistance to survivors of disaster events. • Owner labor: Homeowners and residents can be provided with the materials and technical assistance required to rebuild their home, thereby significantly decreasing the construction costs of recovery housing units. • -Owner Labor: Case 63, • -Other Local Labor examples: Case 64, 66, 67, 68 • Other Labor sources: • Government and NGO Labor • Contract Labor –Case 65

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