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Dermatology for Primary Care: Recognizing Common Skin Tumors

Dermatology for Primary Care: Recognizing Common Skin Tumors. Albert G. Caruana Jr., MD Resident’s Conference April 23, 2004 Presbyterian Hospital of Dallas. Acrochordon. Have various names: fibroepithelial polyp, skin tag, squamous papilloma.

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Dermatology for Primary Care: Recognizing Common Skin Tumors

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  1. Dermatology for Primary Care: Recognizing Common Skin Tumors Albert G. Caruana Jr., MD Resident’s Conference April 23, 2004 Presbyterian Hospital of Dallas

  2. Acrochordon • Have various names: fibroepithelial polyp, skin tag, squamous papilloma. • Oval skin excrescence on a broad or narrow stalk, can be brown or flesh colored. • A pedunculated tumor. • Occur more frequently in obese patients. • Location: axilla (48%), neck (35%), also inguinal region. • Majority of patients (78%) have less than 3 lesions per area. • They begin to appear after 2nd decade of life. • They cease growing after the 5th decade of life.

  3. Acrochordon • Composed mainly of loose fibrous tissue (like superficial dermis), covered by thin layer of epidermis. • They are benign. • Can be irritating to patients (caught in clothes and jewelry). • Treatment: • Can be snipped off by scissors • electrocautery

  4. Acrochordon Acrochordon: “skin tags.” Round, black-colored, fleshy excrescences on a broad or narrow stalk (left). Clustering of lesions, the groin here, is common in patients with obesity.

  5. Acrochordon Acrochordon: “skin tags.” Can present on or around the eyelid (left) or often in the axilla (right). Axilla and neck are most common locations.

  6. Seborrheic Keratosis • The most common benign skin neoplasm. No malignant potential. • Origin is unknown. • Become more frequent as we age. • Diagnosis is easy to make clinically, biopsy is usually not necessary. • Study has shown clinical diagnostic accuracy of 99% by dermatologists. • Tend to occur on trunk most often, but can appear on head and extremities. • Lesions contained entirely in epidermis, treat with cryosurgery or curettage.

  7. Seborrheic Keratosis Appearance: • Size can range from 0.2 to 3.0 cm in diameter. • Can have smooth surface or be rough and cracked. • Characteristic “stuck-on” appearance. • Color can be tan, brown, or black. • The height of the lesion can vary. • Can resemble melanoma (SK has uniform surface appearance). • Key to visual diagnosis is identification of horn cysts • Black or pearly-white cysts either embedded in or on the surface of the lesion. • These are dilated follicular ostia filled with keratin.

  8. Seborrheic Keratosis Seborrheic Keratoses: tend to occur in sun-exposed areas. These patients have many on the back, but none on the buttocks.

  9. Seborrheic Keratosis Seborrheic Keratosis: May be flat with some scale (left) or raised (right) with deep cracks.

  10. Seborrheic Keratosis Seborrheic Keratosis: have characteristic horn cysts. They can be white and deeper seated (left) or black and superficial (right).

  11. Seborrheic Keratosis Seborrheic Keratoses: flat lesions are often brown, can often form near hairline (left). They also commonly can be found under the breasts, where they can Become red and macerated (right).

  12. Seborrheic Keratosis:Melanoma Look-Alikes Seborrheic Keratosis: Has dark pigmentation, irregular borders, and some variation of color, but horn cysts help to make diagnosis clinically.

  13. Seborrheic Keratosis:Melanoma Look-Alikes

  14. Seborrheic Keratosis Inflammed SK’s: • Have swollen and irregular borders. • Develop an erythematous base. • Can develop nummular dermatitis around edges. • Common in intertriginous areas where skin is macerated. • Itching • Develop inflammation around other SK’s that are not mechanically aggravated. • Severely affected lesions can appear like oozing, red masses with a friable surface. Confused with melanoma or pyogenic granuloma. • Treat with topic steroids or remove all lesions.

  15. Seborrheic Keratosis:Inflammed SK’s Seborrheic Keratosis: Often only one lesion is inflammed, but many can become inflamed at once (left). This lesion has minimal inflammation at the base (right).

  16. Seborrheic Keratosis:Inflammed SK’s Seborrheic Keratosis: As inflammation worsens, scale may obscure typical features (left). With severe inflammation, mass may ooze And lose all typical features (right).

  17. Dermatosa Papulosa Nigra • Multiple brown to black dome-shaped papules. • Occur on face of young to middle-aged African Americans. • Thought to be a type of seborrheic keratosis.

  18. Keratoacanthoma • A common benign epithelial tumor. • Thought to be a variant of squamous cell carcinoma. • Unknown etiology. • Incidence 104 per 100,000. • Mean age of onset is 64 years. Disease of elderly. • Seasonal association implies role of UV radiation in development. • Will appear on sun-exposed areas most commonly, followed by the trunk. • Also develops at sight of previous trauma. • Most rapidly grow and eventually regress. • There are rare variants (2%) which are destructive.

  19. Keratoacanthoma Appearance & Natural History: • Rapid growth phase: starts as a small domed-shape papule that may mimic molluscum contagiosum. • Will progress in weeks to grow 1-2cm and often develop a central keratin-filled crater with crusting. • Untreated, will stop growing in about 6 weeks • Stable phase: will remain unchanged for a variable length of time. • Regression phase: will diminish in size, eventually disappearing, leaving behind a scar. Often regresses in 2 to 12 months.

  20. Keratoacanthoma • Can be difficult to distinguish from squamous cell carcinoma (particularly nodular SCC). • This lesion retains a smooth surface, unlike SCC. • This can be treated medically or surgically, as it is a scarring lesion. • Large KA on face may require Mohs’ surgery. • Medical therapy options: • 5-FU creams (Efudex, Carac). Remove crust prior to application or pretreat with a 40% urea cream (Vanamide). Response in 1-6 wks. • 5-FU intralesional injection. Less efficacious on slow growing lesions. • Intralesional methotrexate. Treat monthly. • Imiquimod (Aldara) – QOD for 4 - 12 weeks.

  21. Keratoacanthoma Keratoacanthoma: smooth, dome-shaped papules or nodules, often with a central keratin plug.

  22. Dermatofibroma • Common benign lesion. • Most commonly occur on anterior surface of legs. • Fibrous reaction to insect bite, truama, viral infection. • Can be asymptomatic, painful, or slightly pruritic. • Raised, pink or brown papule. • Can be hard, scaly. • “Dimpling test” • Will retract beneath the skin surface when compressed.

  23. Sebaceous Hyperplasia • Common small tumors of enlarged sebaceous glands. • Start as pale, yellow papules on forehead, cheeks, nose. • Develop telangectasias and central umbilication. • Occur after age 30 in 25% of the population. • May look like BCC. But lesions of SH are soft to palpation. • Can express sebum. • Treated with electrocautery.

  24. Actinic Keratosis • Also called solar keratosis. • Squamous cell carcinoma confined to the epidermis. • Commonly thought of as a “pre-cancerous” lesion. • Induced by sun-exposure, years of cumulative exposure are required. • Lesions increase with age. • Can spontaneously regress if sun-exposure is removed. • Lesions have increased vascularity (erythematous). • Develops adherent white or yellowish scale. • Can bleed if picked. • Many lesions are more readily identified by rough texture than appearance.

  25. Actinic Keratosis Actinic Keratosis: classic appearance with scale and crust on an erythematous base (left). Many AKs on the face, the surrounding skin has irregular pigmentation and some dilated vessels (right).

  26. Actinic Keratosis Actinic Keratosis: Larger lesions may have significant depth (left). Large lesions like this one may take years to develop (right).

  27. Actinic Keratosis • Can progress to SCC: intra-epithelial lesion spreads to involve the papillary or reticular dermis. • Risk of transformation is 0.085% per lesion per year. • 60% of SCC develop from actinic keratosis. • AK can be difficult to distinguish from SCC, particularly thickened hypertrophic AK’s. • Worrisome signs: induration, oozing, inflammation. • Clinical variants: • Cutaneous horn • Spreading pigmented AK (can resemble SK or melanoma) • Actinic chelitis (scaling, red lesion on lower lip with cracking or ulceration).

  28. Actinic Keratosis Actinic Keratosis: thicker lesions can develop into squamous cell carcinoma (left). AK’s can often clinically appear like SCC (right).

  29. Actinic Keratosis: Pigmented AK’s Pigmented Actinic Keratosis: Can resemble a scaling lentigo, a SK, or a melanoma in some cases.

  30. Actinic Keratosis Treatment: • Regular use of sunscreen is essential. • Cryosurgery is preferred since this method separates epidermis from the dermis. It may leave hypopigmented lesions. • For many lesions, topical 5-FU therapy may be preferred. • Incorporated into rapidly growing cells, causing cell death. Normal cells unaffected. • Duration of therapy depends on location (2-8 weeks). • Treatment causes marked inflammation in phases: • Early inflammatory phase (erythema) • Late inflammatory phase (burning, edema, stinging, oozing) • Lesion disintegration phase (erosion, ulceration, eschar formation, re-epithelialization)

  31. Actinic Keratosis: Treatment Actinic Keratosis: Treatment with topical 5-FU follows a predictable clinical progression of inflammation of lesions. Right: 3 weeks after starting treatment.

  32. Basal Cell Carcinoma • Most common type of skin cancer. • Commonly presents as recurring bleeding or scabbing wound. • Can occur at any age, but most common after age 40. • Locally invasive, aggressive, and destructive. • Limited capacity to metastasize. • Often occurs in areas not sun-exposed (behind ears, medial canthus). • Weaker causal relationship with UV exposure than SCC. • 85% located on head and neck, 25-30% on the nose alone. • Tumor arises from basal keratinocytes and the surrounding adnexal structures (hair follicles, eccrine sweat ducts).

  33. Basal Cell Carcinoma • Progression unpredictable: long periods of stability followed by rapid progression or regression. • Clinical types: nodular, pigmented, sclerosing, superficial. Nodular BCC: • Most common type of BCC. • Pearly-white or pink, dome-shaped papule. • They may be flat. • Often has telangectasia. • Center may ulcerate, bleed, and develop crust and scale (“rodent ulcer”). • Any non-healing ulcer that fails to respond to treatment should be biopsied to rule out BCC.

  34. Basal Cell Carcinoma Classic appearance of nodular BCC: pink or pearly dome shaped papules with telangectasias.

  35. Basal Cell Carcinoma Nodular BCC: “Rodent-Ulcer” with central scaling and crusting.

  36. Basal Cell Carcinoma Nodular BCC: small lesions can be easy To miss on physical exam. Nodular BCC: On leg. Consider when A chronic ulcer fails to improve with therapy.

  37. Basal Cell Carcinoma Pigmented BCC: • Contains melanin. • May resemble melanoma or seborrheic keratosis. • Look for pearly-white, transluscent borders. Sclerosing (Morpheaform) BCC: • Innocuous surface appearance which can mask deep and wide extension. • Pale-white to yellow, waxy, firm, flat to slightly-raised. • Can look like localized scleroderma. • Borders are indistinct. • Requires wide excision.

  38. Basal Cell Carcinoma Pigmented BCC: Can have variable amounts of melanin. Look for elevated, Pearly-white borders.

  39. Basal Cell Carcinoma Sclerosing (morpheaform) BCC: flat, firm, waxy, resembling a scar or localized scleroderma

  40. Basal Cell Carcinoma Superficial BCC: • Least aggressive variety. • Most often seen on trunk or extremeties. • Can occur on the face. • Well-circumscribed, oval to round, red and scaling plaque. • Tend to bleed easily. • May resemble eczema or psoriasis. • Examine borders, which will be raised and pearly-white. • Tension on surrounding skin may make border characteristics more obvious.

  41. Basal Cell Carcinoma Superficial BCC: well circumscribed, with raised pearly-white borders, red, scaly, and sometimes resembling eczema.

  42. Basal Cell Carcinoma Treatment Algorithm:

  43. Mohs’ Micrographic Surgery

  44. Squamous Cell Carcinoma • Unlike BCC, these lesions have significant chance of metastasis. • Risk Factors: childhood sun exposure, blistering sunburns, light skin, outdoor occupations, freckling, hazel/blue eyes. • UV radiation is involved in the pathogenesis of SCC. • Found in sun-exposed areas (scalp, back of hands, pinna). • Actinic keratosis is most common precursor lesion. • Capacity for metastasis related to lesion size and location. • Thickness of lesion best predictor: • One study found recurrent tumors always at least 4mm thick and all fatal tumors at least 10mm thick. • Surgical margins 2-4mm depending on grade.

  45. Squamous Cell Carcinoma A nodular lesion that had been previously treated with cryotherapy. A red, keratotic papule with surface scale. Resembles AK.

  46. Squamous Cell Carcinoma SCC on the lip of a patient who has spent years working outdoors.

  47. Squamous Cell Carcinoma Treatment Algorithm

  48. Malignant Melanoma • Malignancy of melanocytes with high metastatic potential. • Increasingly common: incidence in Caucasians has tripled in last 40 years. • Lifetime risk in 1987 was 1 in 123. By 2010 will be 1 in 50. • Incidence in African Americans 1/20 that of Caucasians, in Hispanics, 1/6. • Causes 75% of cancer deaths in the United States. • Median age of diagnosis is 53. • Significant association with UVA exposure (280-320nm). • Risk highest to those that tan poorly and get intermittent sun exposure. • Four major clinical subtypes: superficial spreading, lentigo maligna melanoma, nodular, acral-lentiginous melanoma.

  49. Malignant Melanoma: Risk Factors (Greatly Increased Risk)

  50. Malignant Melanoma: Risk Factors (Moderately Increased Risk)

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