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Learning

Learning. Any relatively permanent change in behavior (or behavior potential) produced by experience. Association. We learn by association Our minds naturally connect events that occur in sequence Aristotle 2000 years ago John Locke and David Hume 200 years ago Associative Learning

nicholas-schneider
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Learning

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  1. Learning Any relatively permanent change in behavior (or behavior potential) produced by experience

  2. Association • We learn by association • Our minds naturally connect events that occur in sequence • Aristotle 2000 years ago • John Locke and David Hume 200 years ago • Associative Learning • learning that two events occur together • two stimuli • a response and its consequences

  3. Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning • We learn to associate two stimuli

  4. Classical Conditioning • Ivan Pavlov studies digestion in dogs (1904) • Conditions dogs to salivate to a sound (bell or buzzer) • Determines formula for the conditioning process • UCS = UCR • NS + UCS = UCR • CS = CR • Best case: NS precedes UCS • Worst case: NS follows UCS

  5. UCS (passionate kiss) UCR (sexual arousal) CS (onion breath) UCS (passionate Kiss) UCR (sexual arousal) CS (onion breath) CR (sexual arousal) Classical Conditioning

  6. Characteristics of Conditioning • Generalization: the tendency of stimuli similar to the original conditioned stimulus to evoke a similar conditioned response • Discrimination: to be able to differentiate between stimuli • Extinction: a process by which the effects of conditioning are reduced and finally disappear • Spontaneous recovery: the reappearance of a learned response after its apparent extinction

  7. Characteristics of Conditioning (cont.) • Higher-order conditioning: a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus through association with an already established conditioned stimulus

  8. Operant Conditioning • We learn to associate a response and its consequence

  9. Operant Conditioning • Definition: behavior is shaped by the consequences it produces • We “learn” by doing things that produce positive outcomes and/or allow us to avoid negative outcomes (sometimes negative is better than none at all)

  10. Operant Conditioning • Reinforcer • any event that strengthens the behavior it follows • Shaping • operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer approximations of a desired goal

  11. Operant Conditioning (cont.) • Primary reinforcers: they satisfy a biological need – food, water, sex (we need to feel a deficit of it for it to be a reinforcer) • Secondary reinforcers: they take on the ability to reinforce – e.g. money, status, praise • Positive reinforcers: the behavior is strengthened to get the reward • Negative reinforcers: the behavior is strengthened to avoid the reinforcer • Punishment: the behavior is weakened to avoid the reinforcer

  12. Operant Conditioning

  13. Punishment

  14. Schedules of Reinforcement • Continuous Reinforcement • reinforcing the desired response each time it occurs • Partial (Intermittent) Reinforcement • reinforcing a response only part of the time • results in slower acquisition • greater resistance to extinction

  15. Schedules of Reinforcement • Fixed Ratio (FR) Schedule • reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses • faster you respond the more rewards you get • different ratios • very high rate of responding • like piecework pay

  16. Schedules of Reinforcement • Variable Ratio (VR) • reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses • average ratios • like gambling, fishing • very hard to extinguish because of unpredictability

  17. Schedules of Reinforcement • Fixed Interval (FI) • reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed • response occurs more frequently as the anticipated time for reward draws near

  18. Schedules of Reinforcement • Variable Interval (VI) • reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals • produces slow steady responding • like pop quiz

  19. Number of responses Fixed Ratio 1000 Variable Ratio Fixed Interval 750 Rapid responding near time for reinforcement 500 Variable Interval 250 Steady responding 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Time (minutes) Schedules of Reinforcement

  20. Operant vs Classical Conditioning

  21. Cognition and Operant Conditioning • Cognitive Map • mental representation of the layout of one’s environment • Example: after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it • Latent Learning • learning that occurs, but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

  22. Cognition and Operant Conditioning • Intrinsic Motivation • desire to perform a behavior for its own sake and to be effective • Extrinsic Motivation • desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishments

  23. Observational Learning • Observational Learning • learning by observing others • Modeling • process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

  24. Observational Learning • Alfred Bandura’s Experiments • Bobo doll • we look and we learn

  25. Observational Learning • Prosocial Behavior • positive, constructive, helpful behavior • opposite of antisocial behavior

  26. Television and Observational Learning

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