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Chapter 2

Chapter 2. How Hardware and Software Work Together. You Will Learn…. How hardware and software interact How system resources help hardware and software communicate How BIOS and device drivers are used to send instructions to hardware How different operating systems work

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Chapter 2

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  1. Chapter 2 How Hardware and Software Work Together

  2. You Will Learn… • How hardware and software interact • How system resources help hardware and software communicate • How BIOS and device drivers are used to send instructions to hardware • How different operating systems work • The steps involved in booting your computer

  3. Hardware and Software Interaction: An Overview • Software • Intelligence of the computer • Determines what hardware is present • Decides how hardware is configured and used • Uses hardware to perform tasks • Consists of programs that instruct computers to perform specific tasks

  4. Hardware and Software Interaction

  5. Operating System (OS) • Software that controls a computer • Manages hardware • Runs applications • Provides user interface • Stores, retrieves, and manipulates files • Communicates with hardware using system resources • Does not relate directly with hardware; uses BIOS or device drivers for the interface

  6. Categories of PC Software • BIOS (basic input/output system) and device drivers • Operating system (OS) • Application software

  7. Categories of BIOS (Firmware) Programs • System BIOS • To control I/O devices • Startup BIOS • To control startup of computer • CMOS setup • To change setup information

  8. Device Drivers • Small programs stored on hard drive that tell computer how to communicate with an I/O device • Necessary for communication between OS and more complex devices

  9. Operating System (OS) • Works with system BIOS and device drivers to provide instructions to hardware to perform tasks

  10. System Resources • Tools used by hardware or software to communicate with the other: • Memory addresses • I/O addresses • Interrupt request numbers (IRQs) • Direct memory access (DMA) channels • All four types depend on certain lines on a bus on the motherboard

  11. System Resources

  12. The 8-bit and 16-bit ISA Slots • 8-bit ISA bus had a limited number of system resources available to it • Number was increased with invention of 16-bit ISA bus • Each line on a bus can perform several functions (multiplexing)

  13. Interrupt Request Number (IRQ) • Line on a bus that a device uses to alert the CPU that it needs servicing • Interruptions to CPU are called hardware interrupts • Polling is an alternative to an interrupt

  14. Common Uses for Some IRQs

  15. IRQs • Preconfigured assignments make it easier to configure devices and avoid conflicts with other devices • COM1 and COM2 (for serial devices such as modems) • LPT1 and LPT2 (for parallel devices such as printers)

  16. IRQs

  17. Use Device Manager to See How IRQs Are Assigned

  18. Use Device Manager to See How IRQs Are Assigned

  19. Memory Addresses • Hexadecimal numbers, often written in segment/offset form, assigned to RAM and ROM so that the CPU can access both

  20. How Memory AddressesAre Assigned • CPU has fixed number of memory addresses, determined by CPU and the bus it is using • They can be assigned to any type of physical memory in the system that needs to be addressed by the CPU • Once addresses have been assigned (usually during boot process), CPU sees physical memory as a single list that can be accessed using memory addresses • Number of memory addresses partly depends on size of memory bus

  21. Division of Memory

  22. Shadowing ROM • Process of copying programs from ROM to RAM for execution • If ROM programs are executed directly from ROM chips, memory addresses are assigned to this ROM • If programs are first copied to RAM, and then executed, the same memory addresses are assigned to this area of RAM • Also called shadow RAM

  23. I/O Addresses • Numbers the CPU can use to access hardware devices, in much the same way it uses memory addresses to access physical memory • Also called port addresses or ports

  24. I/O Addresses

  25. DMA Channels • Provide shortcut method so an I/O device can send data directly to memory, bypassing the CPU • A chip on the motherboard contains DMA logic and manages the process • Each channel requires two lines to manage it: • One for DMA controller to request clearance from CPU • One used by CPU to acknowledge that DMA controller is free to send data over data lines without interference from CPU

  26. DMA Channels

  27. Booting up Your Computer • Refers to the computer bringing itself up to an operable state without user intervention • Hard boot (cold boot) • Involves initially turning on power with on/off switch • More stressful than soft boot because of initial power surge through equipment • Soft boot (warm boot) • Uses OS to reboot • Faster than hard boot

  28. Plug and Play (PnP) Standard • Simplifies installation of hardware devices • Rather than having to reset DIP switches and jumpers, OS and/or startup BIOS automatically configures hardware devices to reduce or eliminate conflicting requests for system resources • Applies to OS, BIOS on the motherboard, and BIOS on devices

  29. Functions PerformedDuring the Boot • Startup BIOS tests essential hardware components (power-on self test or POST) • Setup information is used to configure both hardware and software • Hardware components are assigned system resources they will later use for communication continued…

  30. Functions PerformedDuring the Boot • Startup BIOS finds the OS, which is loaded, configured, and executed • Hardware devices are matched up with the BIOS and device drivers that control them • Some application software may be loaded and executed

  31. Startup BIOS Controls the Beginning of the Boot • Startup BIOS is in control for first three steps and beginning of the fourth, where control is turned over to the OS

  32. Steps in the Boot Process • Step 1: POST • Step 2: ROM BIOS startup program searches for and loads an OS (most often from logical drive C on the hard drive) • Step 3: OS configures the system and completes its own loading • Step 4: User executes application software

  33. Boot Step 1: POST

  34. Boot Step 2: How BIOS Finds/Loads the OS

  35. Boot Step 3: Loading the MS-DOS Core of Windows 9x

  36. Autoexec.bat • Stands for automatically executed batch program • Lists OS commands that are executed automatically each time OS is loaded

  37. Typical Commands in Autoexec.bat File • Path command (eg, PATH C:\;C:\PCTOOLS;) • Directs OS to look in two different directories for program files • Restart command (Restart.com) • Causes system to reboot continued…

  38. Typical Commands in Autoexec.bat File • Set command • Appends a path to Path command without editing existing Path command line itself(eg, SET PATH=%PATH%;C:\VERT) • Creates and assigns a value to an environmental variable that can later be read by an application (eg, SET MYPATH=C:\VERT)

  39. Chapter Summary • How hardware and software work together • What happens when a PC is turned on OS is loaded • System resources • Interrupt request number (IRQ) • Memory addresses • I/O addresses • DMA channels • Booting up the computer

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