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Medical and Surgical Asepsis

Medical and Surgical Asepsis. Metropolitan Community College NURS 1510 Nancy Pares, RN, MSN. Define Terms. Asepsis… .absence of germs or micro organisms Medical asepsis…. technique or procedure which reduces the number of micro organisms and thus prevents the spread of disease

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Medical and Surgical Asepsis

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  1. Medical and Surgical Asepsis Metropolitan Community College NURS 1510 Nancy Pares, RN, MSN

  2. Define Terms • Asepsis… • .absence of germs or micro organisms • Medical asepsis…. • technique or procedure which reduces the number of micro organisms and thus prevents the spread of disease • Surgical asepsis…. • Protection against infection before, during and after a surgical procedure. • Infection • Invasion of the body by pathogens

  3. Classifications of pathogens • Bacteria • One celled, multiply rapidly, classified by shape and how they cluster together • Virus • Smallest of all pathogens; replication within the host • Fungi • Organisms that exist by feeding on organic matter • Protozoa • Single celled organism; spread by feces,

  4. Pathogens cont • Rickettsia • Organisms multiply in animal hosts and transmit to humans through bites • Helminths • Parasitic worms found in soil; transmitted via hand to mouth • Mycoplasmas • No cell wall; multi shaped

  5. Other causes of infection: • Chemical agents • Pesticides, food additives, medications, industrial • Physical agents • Heat, noise, radiation, and machines

  6. Factors that promote pathogen growth • Moisture • Organic matter • Warmth • Darkness • Oxygen • Alkaline ph

  7. The Spread of Infection: Six Links Infectious agents • Pathogens • Normal flora that become pathogenic Reservoir • Where pathogens live and multiply • May be living • Humans, animals, insects • May be nonliving • Food, floors, equipment, contaminated water

  8. The Spread of Infection Mode of Transmission: • Contact • Direct – touching, kissing, sexual contact • Indirect – contact with a fomite • Droplet: Cough, sneeze • Airborne: Via air conditioning, sweeping Portal of Exit: • Via • Bodily fluids • Coughing, sneezing, diarrhea • Seeping wounds • Tubes, IV lines

  9. Spread of Infection Susceptible Host: • Person with inadequate defense • Three determining factors: • Virulence • Number of organisms • Host’s defenses Portal of Entry: • Eye, nares, mouth, vagina, cuts, scrapes • Wounds, surgical sites, IV or drainage tube sites • Bite from a vector

  10. Stages of Infection • Incubation: From time of infection until manifestation of symptoms; can infect others • Prodromal: Appearance of vague symptoms; not all diseases have this stage • Illness: Signs and symptoms present • Decline: Number of pathogens decline • Convalescence: Tissue repair, return to health

  11. Classification of Infections By Location: • Local • Occurs in a limited region in the body (e.g., urinary tract infection) • Systemic • Spread via blood or lymph • Affects many regions (e.g., septicemia)

  12. Classification of Infections by Duration Acute - Rapid onset of short duration • e.g., Common cold Chronic - Slow development, long duration • e.g., Hypertension, diabetes mellitus, osteomyelitis Latent - Infection present with no discernible symptoms • e.g., HIV/AIDS

  13. Chain of Infection • Presence of pathogen • Reservoir (source) • Pathogen survive and multiply • Portal of exit from reservoir • Direct, indirect, airborne • Mode of transmission • Portal of entry to host • Susceptible host

  14. Signs and symptoms of infection • Local • Limited to a defined area; resembles inflammation • Ex: redness, warmth, tenderness, swelling • Systemic • Affects the entire body and may involve multiple organs, goes through the stages of infection • Ex: fever, anorexia, n/v, lymph node swelling

  15. Inflammatory response stages • Vascular • Aterioles dilate, blood and WBC go to area • s/s= redness and warmth • Inflammation • Tissue dies causing release of chemicals (histamine and prostaglandins) which allow blood vessel permeability. Cells, proteins, fluids enter the tissue spaces blocking lymphatics to create a ‘wall’ against infection • Phagocytosis • WBC enter the tissues causing release of pyrogens (fever); exudates form discharge; healing occurs

  16. Nosocomial Infection An infection acquired in a health-care facility • Cost to the health-care system = $4.5 billion/year • Leading cause of death • Preventable with use of aseptic principles/ techniques Exogenous Nosocomial Infection: Pathogen acquired from health-care environment Endogenous Nosocomial Infection: Normal flora multiply and cause infection as a result of treatment

  17. Nosocomialsubcatagories • Iatrogenic • Infection from a procedure ex: UTI from foley insertion • exogenous • Infection from non-normal flora ex: clostridium • Endogenous • Infection when normal flora altered ex: yeast infection

  18. Causes of nosocomial infections • UTI • Insertion, contamination of drainage system, improper cleansing • Surgical site • Improper technique for handwashing or dressing change • URI • Improper handwashing or suctioning technique • IV • Improper handwashing or site care

  19. Causes cont • Extended LOS in hospital • Multiple care givers • Antibiotic choices and over use • Improper medical or surgical asepsis

  20. Who is at risk for nosocomial infection? • Age • Very young and very old • Poor nutritional status • Smoker, ETOH use • Existing co-morbid conditions • Chronic illnesses, chemo,radiation • Clients with invasive procedures • Clients with prolonged stress

  21. Nurse’s role in • Containing nosocomial infections CLEAN, DISINFECT, STERILIZE • Controlling/eliminating reservoirs • Bathing, dressing changes, patent drainage systems • Controlling the portal of exit • Cover mouth/nose, wear mask, client teaching • Controlling transmission • Do not share equipment, proper handling of linens, HANDWASHING • Controlling portal of entry • Maintain skin integrity, position changes, proper wiping techniques, maintain drainage integrity

  22. Nurses role in • Protecting susceptible host • Protect natural defenses-skin, mucous membranes, fluid intake • Encourage cough and deep breathing • Change position • Oral hygiene • Promote rest and sleep • Reduce client stress

  23. Lines of Defense Against Infection Primary Defenses: • Anatomical features, limit pathogen entry • Intact skin • Mucous membranes • Tears • Normal flora in GI tract • Normal flora in urinary tract

  24. Lines of Defense Against Infection Secondary Defenses: • Biochemical processes activated by chemicals released by pathogens • Phagocytosis • Complement cascade • Inflammation • Fever

  25. Lines of Defense Against Infection Tertiary Defenses: • Humoral immunity • B-cell production of antibodies in response to an antigen • Cell-mediated immunity • Direct destruction of infected cells by T cells

  26. Factors that Increase Infection Risk • Developmental stage • Breaks in the skin • Illness/injury, chronic disease • Smoking, substance abuse • Multiple sex partners • Medications that inhibit/decrease immune response • Nursing/medical procedures

  27. Factors that Support Host Defenses • Adequate nutrition • To manufacture cells of the immune system • Balanced hygiene • Sufficient to decrease skin bacterial count • Not overzealous; causes skin cracking • Rest/exercise • Reducing stress • Immunization

  28. Preventing Infection: Implementing Medical Asepsis Medical asepsis: • “A state of cleanliness that decreases the potential for the spread of infections” • Promoted through: • Maintaining a clean environment • Maintaining clean hands • Following Centers for Disease Control (CDC) guidelines

  29. Maintaining a Clean Environment • Clean spills and dirty surfaces promptly • Remove pathogens through chemical means (disinfect) • Remove clutter • Consider supplies brought to the client room as contaminated • Consider items from the client’s home as contaminated

  30. Wash Your Hands • When you arrive in the unit • When you leave the unit • Before and after restroom use • Before and after client contact • Before and after contact with client belongings

  31. Wash Your Hands • Before gloving • After glove removal • Before and after touching your face • Before and after eating • After touching a contaminated article • When you see visible dirt on your hands

  32. Hand Washing Guidelines • Wash for at least 15 seconds in nonsurgical setting; 2-6 minutes in surgical setting • Use warm water, not hot • Apply soap to wet hands • Use friction • Clean beneath fingernails and jewelry • Rinse soap • Towel or hand dry

  33. Implementing CDC Guidelines • Standard precautions (universal precautions) • Protects health-care workers from exposure • Decreases transmission of pathogens • Protects clients from pathogens carried by health-care workers

  34. Transmission-Based Precautions Contact Precautions: Pathogen is spread by direct contact • Sources of infection - draining wounds, secretions, supplies • Precautions include: • Possible private room • Clean gown and glove use • Disposal of contaminated items in room • Double-bag linen and mark

  35. Transmission-Based Precautions Droplet Precautions: Pathogen is spread via moist droplets: • Coughing, sneezing, touching contaminated objects • Precautions include: • Same as those for contact • Addition of mask and eye protection within 3 ft of client

  36. Transmission-Based Precautions Airborne Precautions: Pathogen is spread via air currents • Transmission via ventilation systems, shaking sheets, sweeping • Precautions include: • Same as those for contact, with addition of special mask

  37. Protective Isolation “Reverse” isolation: • Protects the client from organisms • Used with immune-compromised client population • Precautions include: • Private room likely • Nurse not assigned to clients with active infection • Mask, handwashing, clean/sterile gown, gloves • No reuse of gowns, gloves

  38. Implementing Surgical Asepsis Includes: • Creation of a sterile environment • Use of sterile equipment/supplies • Sterilization of reusable supplies • Surgical hand scrub • Surgical attire • Sterile gloves • Sterile field • Use of sterile technique

  39. Standard Precautions • Protective barriers • Change gloves • HANDWASHING • Discard sharps correctly • Double bag • Cover breaks in the skin

  40. Body specific immune defenses • Organs most vital to a functional immune system • Liver…produces immunoglobulins (antibodies) • Lymph nodes…produce and circulate lymphocytes • Bone marrow and thymus..form immune sys. Cells • Spleen…removes dead cells and foreign molecules

  41. Immunities • Humoral • Attack bacteria and virus’ at the extracellular level • B cell lymphocytes cause synthesis of antibodies leading to destruction of antigens and creation of antibodies that subsequently protect from the same antigen • Five classes of antibodies • IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, and IgD. IgG is most abundant and crosses the placenta provides passive immunity for newborns.

  42. Immunities, cont • Cell mediated immunity • Fights pathogens inside the cell • T cells (a form of WBC) binds with the antigen, becomes sensitized and releases lymphokines which attract macrophages that destroy the antigen • Three types of T cells • Cytotoxic, helper T and suppressor T

  43. Types of immune responses • Natural • Present at birth, genetically determined • Passive • Acquired through introduction of antibodies, ie mother passes to infant • Active • Antibodies develop within the body to neutralize or destroy an infective agent • Acquired • Exposure to an antigen or passive injection of immunoglobulin • Artificial • Produced by vaccination

  44. Principles of medical and surgical asepsis • Medical asepsis • Practice which reduces the number, growth and spread of micro organisms • Referred to as ‘clean’ technique’ • Handwashing 2 min-15 sec • Surgical asepsis • Total elimination of all micro organisms, spores • Sterile field (OR, L&D, etc), gown and glove • Methods: • Steam, radiation, chemicals, or gas

  45. CDC Guidelines: Standard • Apply to : • All body fluids, secretions (except perspiration) • Blood • Non intact skin • Mucous membranes • Gloves worn: • To provide a protective barrier • To reduce opportunities for ‘nurse’ organism transfer to client • WEARING GLOVES DOES NOT REPLACE HANDWASHING!!!

  46. Handwashing • The single most important measure to reduce the risk of transmission! • Nurses do hands on work, so always wash first!

  47. Respiratory hygiene/cough etiquette • Cover your nose and mouth with your elbow. • Use tissues to contain respiratory secretions and dispose into the nearest waste container after use. • Perform hand hygiene after contact with any contaminated materials/objects

  48. Proper handwashing • Turn on slow, steady stream of warm water • Moisten hands with water, then apply soap • Rub hands together vigorously for at least 15 seconds • Rinse under water • Use a clean paper towel or air dryer to dry hands

  49. Waterless hand rub • May use when hands are not visibly soiled • Apply adequate amount to palm of one hand • Rub hands together, covering all surfaces of hands and fingers (including under the nails) until hands are dry • Do not rinse with water • May be used 5-10 times before washing with soap and water is required.

  50. Case Study • Admitting calls to tell you that they have a client who previously cultured positive for MRSA in their urine. What precaution do you place this client in? • What if the MRSA was positive in the sputum?

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