Marking Period 2 Project Famous scientific achievements/inventions of the 20 th Century

1. Marking Period 2 Project Famous scientific achievements/inventions of the 20th Century Assignment – Write a research paper, of AT LEAST 2 page paper (double spaced) on the assigned topicwith citations (MLA). Final copies due by January 24th Assignment will be broken down into four parts: 1. Give me a list of your resources, at least 3 (Wikipedia is not an acceptable source) 2. Give me an outline of your essay 3. Give me a rough draft (due by January 10th) 4. Final, finished copy

2. Sources Requirements for sources Have at least 3 sources (4 is preferred). Again Wikipedia is NOT a source and will not count if used. Of the 3 sources, have at least one book source (an online newspaper/website is an acceptable substitute). Best Places to get information on the web – Any .edu website (college website) .gov websites (government websites and information) Worst places to get information on the web – Wikipedia (unless you need REALLY basic information like dates), personal blogs or opinion websites.

3. Citations MLA Citation examples Works Cited Page Example: Newspaper – Dean, Cornelia. "Executive on a Mission: Saving the Planet." New York Times. New York Times, 22 May 2007. Web. 25 May 2009. Book – Rollin, Bernard E. Science and Ethics. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006. Print. Website – Aristotle. Poetics. Trans. S. H. Butcher. The Internet Classics Archive. Web Atomic and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 13 Sept. 2007. Web. 4 Nov. 2008 In Text Citations Example Book W/ Author – Romantic poetry is characterized by the "spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings" (Wordsworth 263). Website – During the presentation, Jane Yates stated that invention and pre-writing are areas of rhetoric that need more attention. (James) Best website EVER! – http://citationmachine.net This website, as long as you have the information, will do the above citations FOR YOU! Write this down and keep it. You can use it from now until college to help you!

10. Special Theory of Relativity • Proposed in 1905 by Albert Einstein, one of the greatest thinkers in history. • This equation formed the basics of modern physics. • This equation says Energy is = to Mass * the Speed of Light squared.

11. Moon Landing • Apollo 11 launched July 16th 1969. • Apollo 11 arrived at the moon on July 20th 1969. • Neil Armstrong was the 1st man to walk on the moon. • The moon landing “won” the space race for the US over the USSR.

12. DNA Profiling • The first use of DNA in a court case was back in 1986. • Alec Jeffrys a geneticist from England discovered the technique in 1984. • Today DNA is used extensively in criminal cases.

13. Discovery of Penicillin • Alexander Fleming discovered Penicillin in September 1928. • Howard Flory and Ernst Chain were able to make his discovery usable in 1940. • Penicillin helped fight infections and saved millions of lives and prevented millions of amputations since its discovery.

14. Wright Brothers First Flight • Orville and Wilbur Wright piloted the first powered airplane on December 17th 1903 in North Carolina. • The plane flew for 59 seconds over 852 feet. • They had been working on it, out of their bicycle shop in Ohio, since 1896.

15. Jonas Salk discovers the Polio Vaccine • Developed in 1952 by scientist Jonas Salk. • 52,000+ cases of polio were reported in the United States in 1952. By 1962 there were only 886 thanks to the vaccine. • In 2013 only 226 cases were reported in the World.

16. The Hubble Space Telescope • Taken into orbit by Nasa in 1990. • It helped redefine the age of the universe! • It will still be in service until at least 2014.

17. The Personal Computer • The first personal computer named the Programma 101 was launched in 1964. • The SCAMP IBM computer was the beginning of the modern personal computer. • Today, everyone owns a device that has its roots in the personal computer. from tablets to cell phones.

18. Global Positioning System (GPS) • The first GPS satellite was launched in 1989. • Developed by the military, President Reagan made it available for civilians. • Today there are 24 GPS satellites in orbit. GPS is still in use for both military and private use.

19. The Nuclear Bomb • Codenamed Trinity, the first Nuclear bomb was detonated on July 16, 1945. • During World War II, The United States dropped two nuclear bombs on Japan to help end the war. • Nuclear weapons and bombs today are as small as a briefcase and the larger ones 10-20x more powerful than the original.

20. Modern Rocketry • The first modern rocket was created in 1926 by Robert Goodard. • The German Army used a V-2 rocket during world war 2. At the time the most advanced rocket ever made. • Today rockets are the basis for space exploration.

21. Pacemaker • Regulating the beating of the heart, the first implantable pacemaker was given to Arne Larsson in 1958. • Pacemakers can be made for adults, children, even new born babies. It has saved countless lives since its invention. • Some famous people with a pacemaker include Elton John and Julie Bowen from modern family.

22. Sputnik 1 • The first Satellite sent off into space, Sputnik 1 was launched on October 4th 1957 by the USSR. • It signaled the beginning of the “space race” between the United States and the USSR. • Sputnik 1 spent three months in orbit before crashing back to earth.

23. Nuclear Power • The first nuclear power plant was built on June 27th 1954 in the USSR. • Nuclear power presently supplies about 10% of the world energy. • There have been 3 disasters at nuclear power plants over the last 35 years, causing the development of it to slow.

24. Electron Microscope • The first modern electron microscope was built in 1938. • These microscopes use an electron beam to get their images. • Can magnify up to 10,000,000x.

25. Apple II Computer released (1977) • Apple computers was founded by Steve Jobs and was originally operating out of his garage. • The original price tag of the Apple II was $1298 with 4k of Ram or $2638 for 48k or Ram. • One of the 1st computers with a color display and had the BASIC programming language out of the box. • 1st successful home computer mass marketed and released.

26. Refrigerator • Developed for home use in 1913. • The very first ones had to be put together by the customer. • Refrigerators today are in almost every household in the United States.

27. DNA double helix • The first article about double helix DNA was published in 1953. • DNA is the building block of life. • Today it has wide ranging implications, from criminal trials, cloning, to medicine.

28. Chemotherapy • The first use of chemotherapy was in 1942 to treat lymphoma. • Chemotherapy works by damaging fast growing cells (usually cancer cells). • It’s still the main cancer treatment available today.

29. Transistor • Transistors began to be worked on in 1907. In 1953 they became commonplace. • The transistor is a key component in every major electronic device made today. • It’s used in everything from TV's, cars, computers and cell phones just to name a few.

30. The Internet • Research began on the internet back in the 1960’s and was called ARPANET. • In 1982 TCP/IP network calls became the standard and the internet began to grow. • The internet, as we know it, became commercial in 1995 and has grown into what all of us use today.

31. The Mars Rovers • The United States has launched 4 successful Mars Rovers since July 4th 1997. • The last one “Curiosity” landed in 2012 and is still operating. • “Curiosity” has found evidence that there was once water on Mars.

32. The Big Bang Theory • George Lemaitre first proposed the theory in 1927. • The theory describes the early development of the universe. • Today there are many different theories about the universe off the initial big bang theory proposed by Lemaitre.

33. Integrated Circuit (Microchip) • The first working integrated circuit was developed by Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce in 1958. • It combined electronic parts into one circuit. This made it possible for electronics to be made smaller. • Today integrated circuits (microchips) are part of every electronical device we use.

34. Aqualung • The first underwater breathing unit, made in Paris in 1943. • It was the father of modern scuba and deep water diving gear. • Modern scuba gear has helped greatly in our understanding and discoveries of the planets oceans.

35. Compact Discs • Developed by Philips and Sony in the mid 1970’s and made commercially available in 1983. • The compact disc changed the way information would be exchanged. • It led to the growth of personal computers, and helped many different industries store information.

36. Radiocarbon Dating • William Libby proposed that decay in the element Carbon-14 could be used to determine the age of organic material. • He published a paper in 1949 that began radiocarbon dating. • Today it is the standard for dating how old anything with organic material is.

37. Microwave Oven • Invented by Percy Spencer in 1946. • 90% of people in the United States currently own a microwave oven. • It made food preparation easier and led to the sale and creation of frozen dinners.