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Patterns in Nature Topic 6: Chemicals in Cells

Patterns in Nature Topic 6: Chemicals in Cells. Part of the Patterns in Nature Module Biology in Focus, Preliminary Course Glenda Childrawi and Stephanie Hollis. DOT Point. Identify the major groups of substances found in living cells and their uses in cell activities.

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Patterns in Nature Topic 6: Chemicals in Cells

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  1. Patterns in NatureTopic 6: Chemicals in Cells Part of the Patterns in Nature Module Biology in Focus, Preliminary Course Glenda Childrawi and Stephanie Hollis

  2. DOT Point • Identify the major groups of substances found in living cells and their uses in cell activities faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu

  3. Chemicals in cells Studies of the ultrastructure of cells reveal a variety of organelles in the cytoplasm that function together so that a cell can carry out life processes. Our studies will now proceed to a chemical level, the chemicals that make up these cell organelles. cellular-immunity.blogspot.com

  4. Chemicals in cells The chemical substances found in cells fit into two main groups: organic substances and inorganic substances. The term ‘organic’ should not get mixed up with modern day use of the term ‘organic’ meaning a product of a farming method that avoids the use of pesticides, artificial fertilisers and herbicides. bms.brookes.ac.uk

  5. Inorganic Compounds These are part of the inanimate (nonliving) world. These substances do not contain the element carbon combined with hydrogen and do not have long chains. Examples include: • Mineral salts (calcium salts, sodium chloride and phosphorus) • Water • Some gases (carbon dioxide and oxygen) CO₂ contains carbon but it has no hydrogen so is inorganic answers.com

  6. Inorganic Compounds Many inorganic substances are required for very specific purposes. For example, calcium is important for bone function and iron is an important component of haemoglobin (the oxygen carrier in red blood cells). oxygenpf.com.au

  7. Inorganic Compounds Some mineral ions are enzyme cofactors (they must be present for a particular enzyme function). For example, phosphorus and nitrogen are essential for plant growth and water is a major component of living tissue which must be present for life to exist. animal-world.com

  8. Organic Compounds Chemical substances that are synthesised by living things and contain atoms of carbon and hydrogen. Carbon atoms bond very strongly with other carbon atoms and form long chains. These chains are the basis of the large organic molecules made by cells. homepages.ius.edu

  9. Organic Compounds Most organic compounds are very large molecules termed macromolecules or polymerswhich include: • Carbohydrates (sugars and starch) • Lipids (fats and oils) • Proteins • Nucleic acid (DNA and RNA) • Vitamins answers.com

  10. Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are the most common organic compounds in nature. Carbohydrates consist of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms. These include: • Monosaccharides • Disaccharides • Polysachharides See Handout Pgs 101-102 of Text visionlearning.com

  11. Carbohydrates Monosaccharides • Are the simple sugars that are the building blocks for the more complex carbohydrates. The most common is glucose which is the main product of photosynthesis and is the molecule most commonly used as an energy source in plants and animals. Sugar glucose: C₆H₁₂O₆ click4biology.info

  12. Carbohydrates Disaccharides • consist of two joined monosaccharaides. These include maltose, lactose and surcose. When carbohydrates are transported from the leaves to other parts of the plant, it is usually in the form of surcose. worldofmolecules.com

  13. Carbohydrates Polysaccharides • Large molecules in which hundreds to thousands of monosaccharides are linked together. Some are used for the storage of energy, others are used for structural purposes. For example, starch consists of many joined glucose molecules and is used in plants as a storage molecule which can be broken down when energy is needed. science-projects.com

  14. Carbohydrates Polysaccharides • Glycogen is a form of energy stored as granules in the cytoplasm of animal cells. themedicalbiochemistrypage.org

  15. Lipids Lipids are also made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atomsbut they are more energy efficient storage molecules than carbohydrates. Lipids are organic compounds that have an oily, greasy or waxy consistency. They are relatively insoluble in water.

  16. Lipids Most lipids are made of a glycerol molecule to which fatty acids attach. Triglycerides have three fatty acids attached to each glycerol. gaia-health.com

  17. Lipids Lipids may be fats (solid at room temperature eg: butter) or oils (liquid at room temperature, eg: olive oil). Most fats are animal products and oils are plant products.

  18. Lipids Uses of lipids: • Lipids form an extremely important structural part of all membranes in cells • Lipids are important biological fuels, storing large quantities of energy for both plant and animal cells. • Some lipids are essential structural parts of hormones (chemical messengers produced by cells).

  19. Proteins Proteins are large complex macromolecules and they are the second most abundant chemical in cells. They too are made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and often sulfur atoms. en.wikipedia.org

  20. Proteins Proteins are made up of one or more long chains of nitrogen-containing amino acids. These are the building blocks. There are only 20 amino acids, but their arrangement provides a huge variety of proteins. DNA determines the actual sequence of amino acids in any protein. umass.edu

  21. Proteins Each chain of amino acids is called a polypeptide which are held together by chemical bonds called peptide bonds. One or more polypeptide can be twisted together into a particular shape which results in the overall structure of a protein. notesforpakistan.blogspot.com

  22. Proteins Proteins form structural components in cells and tissues. Together with water, they form the basic structure of protoplasm (the cytoskeleton) in cells and form parts of tissue such as bone, hair and nails. liamhopkins.hubpages.com

  23. Proteins Proteins are also an important structural part of cell membranes. Together with lipids, they regulate the passage of substances across the cell membrane. (These proteins are like the bouncers at the door) library.thinkquest.org

  24. Nucleic Acid Nucleic Acids contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen but also contain nitrogen and phosphorus. All nucleic acids are made up of simple repeating units (monomers) called nucleotides linked together to form single chains of RNA or double strands of DNA. chem4kids.com

  25. Nucleic Acid Each nucleotide is made up of a simple sugar (R ribose or D deoxyribose), a phosphate and a nitrogenous base. It is the sequence of bases which differs, providing the genetic code for a cell. gaia-health.com

  26. Nucleic Acid DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) stores the information that controls the cell thereby the whole organism. Its responsible for transmitting inherited information from one cell to another. sciencephoto.com

  27. Nucleic Acid RNA (ribonucleic acid) is found in small amounts in the nucleus and in larger amounts in the cytoplasm. There are three types: one, the messenger which is involved in passing on information that is stored in DNA. The other types assist the message to be translated into proteins (You’ll learn more about this in the HSC) visualphotos.com

  28. Homework Answer the following questions in your notebook. Be prepared to discuss next lesson. • How do organic and inorganic compounds differ? Identify an example of each. • Carbohydrates and lipids contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. How do they differ? Complete 2.1 Prelim Dot Point text pg 29

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