1 / 41

Mood disorders

Mood disorders. Frequent disorders, potentially lethal (up to 15% of suicide) High comorbidity with somatic diseases (cardiovascular ++) Individual, familial, social impact Social cost* Can be treated

nevaeh
Download Presentation

Mood disorders

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Mood disorders • Frequent disorders, potentially lethal (up to 15% of suicide) • High comorbidity with somatic diseases (cardiovascular ++) • Individual, familial, social impact • Social cost* • Can be treated *WHO ranked depression as one of the top four medical conditions with the greatestdisease burden worldwide, measured in disability-adjusted life years, which express year of life lost to premature death and years lived with a disability of specific severity and duration. In 2020 depression will be the second largest contributor of disease burden worldwide

  2. Mood Syndromes • Major depressive episode (and minor) • Manic episode (hypomanic) • Mixed episode

  3. DSM IV classification of Mood Disorders Mood Disorders -- Mood Disorder Due to a general medical condition - Substance - Induced Mood Disorder Bipolar Disorders Unipolar Depressive Disorders Dysthymia Bipolar 1 Cyclothymia BDNOS MDD Bipolar 2 DDNOS Adjustment disorder with depressive Mood

  4. Mood Disorders • Bipolar disorders type I and II • Unipolar disorder single/recurrent • Dysthymia (chronic low mood) • Cyclothymia (chronic ups an downs) • Adjustment disorder with depressive mood (stressor) Chronic and recurrent course

  5. Mood disorders prevalence • Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study (ECA) National Comorbidity Survey (NCS) Depression lifetime prevalence 20% females 10% males (point prevalence 5-10%) • Dysthymia 3-7% lifetime. • Bipolar I&II : 2-7% lifetime Kessler et al The Epidemiology of Major Depressive Disorder Results From the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R) JAMA. 2003;289:3095-3105.

  6. Depressive episode (1) • Depressive mood : feeling of sadness most of the day nearly everyday (down, discouraged, hopeless…) • Diminished pleasure or interest : lack of motivation, feeling like doing nothing, having no feelings (direct or indirect evidence) TWO WEEKS DURATION

  7. Depressive episode (2) • Reduced/increased appetite, weight loss/gain • Insomnia/hypersomnia • Agitation/retardation • Fatigue loss of energy • Worthlessness/guilt • Cognitive symptoms :ability to think, indecisiveness • Suicidal ideation TWO WEEKS DURATION

  8. Depressive episode (3) • Significant distress and/or impairment • Substance/treatment or physical illness causation • Bereavement (duration)

  9. Depressive episode • Specific features : melancolic, psychotic, catatonic, atypical, post-partum, seasonal pattern……

  10. Depressive episode and et unipolar depressive disorder • 4 to 9 month duration, 5-10% more than 5 years • 2/3 complete remission (chronicity 5% after 5 years) • Age first episode 30-35 y * • Two females for a male (20%vs10%) • Relapse >50% if early treatment termination • Recurrence 50% after one episode, 90% after 3 episodes • Comorbidity : alcohol, anxiety disorders, physical diseases (cardiovascular++) *Age cohort effect

  11. Dysthymia (1) • A. Depressive mood mosst of the daymore days than not present for at leat 2 years reported by the subject or observed by others • B. Presence when depressed of at least two of the following : • Loss of appetite or overeating • Insomnia or hypersomnia • Low energy or fatigue • Low self-esteem • Poor concentration or difficulties to make decison • Feelings of hopelessness

  12. Dysthymia (2) • C. In the last two years the person has never without the symptoms A and B • D. No depressive episode in the first two years of the disturbance • No manic/hypomanic episode

  13. Dysthymia (3) • Early progressive onset inchildhood or adolescence • Chronic course • Often diagnosed post-hoc when subject is depressed (double depression) • Prevalence 3-7 % ? • Treatment as depression

  14. Manic episode (1) • Distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive or irritable mood, lasting at least a week • Marked impairment in occupational functioning and/or social activity, relationship with others (hospitalization, police intervention…)

  15. Manic episode (2) • Inflated self-esteem • Decrease need for sleep with increased level of energy • More talkative and interactive than usual or pressure to keep talking (increased sociability) • Flight of ideas, subjective feeling that thoughts are racing • Distractibility • Increase in goal-oriented activity or psychomotor agitation (excessive planning, multiple activities) • Excessive involvement in pleasurable activities (buying sprees, foolish business, promiscuity…) Present to a significant degree during the mood disturbance

  16. Manic episode Onset course • Early onset 20s (childhood, adolescence) • Rapid installation in a few days often starting with reduced (no) sleep • Duration shorter than depression 2-4 months • Rapid ending followed by depression (>50%) • Post-partum • Psychosocial stressors in preceding months • Relapse/recurrence

  17. Manic episode specific features • With psychotic features : delusion (grandiose, persecution) hallucination • Antidepressant induced “bipolar diathesis”

  18. Hypomanic episode • Similar to Manic episode • with lower intensity • Less impairing and with limited functional impact observable by others • Shorter duration (4days) • No psychotic features

  19. Depressive episode in bipolar disorders • Atypical features : increased sleep and appetite, irritability, fatigue, reactive mood • Psychomotor retardation (blunted affect) • Melancholic and psychotic features • Seasonal • (poor response to antidepressant) • Earlier onset compared to unipolar

  20. Bipolar type I • At least one Manic episode or Mixed episode Bipolar type II • At least one hypomanic episode and a one (or more) depressive episode

  21. Bipolar disorder type I (1)Epidemiology and age of onset • Prevalence 1 -2% • Equal in men and women • Early onset 20s (childhood, adolescence) • 10-15% adolescent depression will evolve towardbipolar disorder

  22. Bipolar disorder type I (2)Course and outcome • Recurring course 90 % of patient with one episode will have recurrence (mostly more than 3 episodes) • Residual symptoms (mood fluctuation) • Cognitive and thought disorders • Suicidal risk (10-15%) • Chronic impairment in 15-30% of bipolar • Rapid cycling • Role of treatment • Better outcome than schizophrenia

  23. Bipolar disorder type I (3)Comorbidities • Alcohol and drug abuse (cocaine, marijuana) several time higher than the general population (up to 50%) • Anxiety disorders (Panic disorders, OCD, social phobia) • Somatic comorbidities : cardiovascular, metabolic • Forensic and antisocial behaviour

  24. Bipolar disorder type II (1)Epidemiology and age of onset • Prevalence 2-5% controversial • Poorly recognized (50%) • Clinical boundaries • Bipolar spectrum • More frequent in women ? • Onset in late adolescence with depressive symptoms and mild mood swings with progressive increase (later than BPI) • Early onset= severity

  25. Bipolar disorder type II (2)Course and outcome • Chronic course • Depressed symptoms present up to 50% of the time manic symptoms present about 2% of the time • Presence of mixed state (hypomanic and depressed symptoms) • Rapid cycling • Suicide risk (Mixed state) • More recurrent than BPI ? • Evolution to BPI (15%)

  26. Bipolar disorder type II (3)Comorbities • Alcohol (50%), drugs • Anxiety disorders (50%) • Eating disorders • Personality disorder (1/3)

  27. Bipolar disorder spectrum • Cyclothymia • Bipolar III : antidepressant induced • Same outcome • Heterogeneous disorder

  28. Bipolar disorder type I and II Diagnostic issues • Underdiagnosed/late diagnosis : consequences • Bipolar and schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorders

  29. Vincent van Gogh   Virginia Woolf Sylvia Plath Mozart ? Charles Quint Ben Stiller Larry Flynt Louis Althusser Vivien Leigh Edgar Allen Poe Robert Schuman Phil Spector Buzz Aldrin ? Ned Beatty Graham Greene Ilie Nastase Pierre Peladeau August Strindberg Tom Waits Charles Beaudelaire Ludwig Boltzmann Ludwig Van Beethoven Leon Tolstoi Gustav Mahler Isaac Newton Jeff Buckley Winston Churchill Kurt Cobain Otto Klemperer Jack London Ray Davies Charles Dickens DMX Marilyn Monroe ? Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald Ernest Miller Hemingway Hermann Hesse Jimi Hendrix ? Patrick Joseph Kennedy Abraham Lincoln Charles Mingus  Edvard Munch Ozzy Osbourne Robert Louis Stevenson Mark Twain Brian Wilson Jean-Claude Van Damme Famous bipolar Kay Redfield Jamison's Touched With Fire, National Alliance Mental Illness

  30. Relapse prevention Recurrence prevention Schematic time course of a depressive episode treatment

  31. Unipolar depression treatment(CANMAT guidelines) • SSRI or psychotherpy (CBT,IPT) • Other SSRI ou antidepressant of another group • Other antidepressant class or augmentation (lithium, thyroid hormones, AD association….) • MAOI • Therapeutic trial at least 6-8 weeks for adults, 8-12 weeks for adolescent and elderly

  32. Bipolar disorders:treatment principles • Acute episodes : mood stabilizer (anticonvulsant, lithium) plus adjunct treatment • Depression : lamotrigine, valproate, lithium, antidepressants ? • Mania: lithium, valproate, antipsychotic (benzodiazepine)

  33. Bipolar disorderRelapse and recurrence prevention • Mood stabilizers, Antidepressants , Atypical antipsychotic • Psychoeducation : partnership, insight, treatment adherence, early signs of relapse/recurrence, coping strategies • Specific treatment programs: follow-up, cognitive behaviour therapies Lithium ++++

  34. Treatment algorithms • CANMAT, TIMA … • Consensus, some evidence • According to • bipolar type • Index episode • Ratio mania/depression • Comorbid conditions • Other treatments

  35. : TIMA hypomanic-manic-mixed algorithm • first stage monotherapy • euphoria includes lithium, valproate, or any one of several atypical antipsychotics • mixed states all are recommended except lithium. • stage 2 if no response or an inadequate response several of the two drugs recommended in stage 1( except that atypical antipsychotics are not to be used concurrently, and aripiprazole and clozapine are not recommended) • stage 3, the anticonvulsants carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine, and topiramate are added to the choices for two-drug treatment, and aripiprazole is added to the available antipsychotics. Again, no two atypical antipsychotics are to be used concurrently. • stage 4, electroconvulsive therapy is an option, as is the addition of clozapine or a three-drug regimen consisting of lithium, an anticonvulsant, and an antipsychotic

  36. The TIMA depressive algorithm(1) • Stage 1, determine whether the patient is taking lithium or any other antimanic, as well as whether the patient has a history of recent or severe mania. - If taking lithium, the dose should be increased to 0.8 mEq / L; - if taking another antimanic, it should be continued, with lamotrigine added. - If not receiving an antimanic and having a history of recent or severe mania: lamotrigine or another antimanic; - if no such history is present and the patient is not taking a current antimanic, lamotrigine should be initiated. • Stage 2, quetiapine or the combination of olanzapine and fluoxetine added to the stage 1 regimen.

  37. The TIMA depressive algorithm(2) • Stage 3, a multidrugs regimen is recommended : - lithium, lamotrigine, quetiapine, - combined olanzapine and fluoxetine. • Stage 4, - all of the stage 3 drugs are available as well as valproate; - a combination of carbamazepine and SSRI, buproprion, or venlafaxine; - electroconvulsive therapy. • Stage 5, consider monoamine oxidase inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressants, pramipexole, other atypical antipsychotics beyond quetiapine and olanzapine, other combinations of drugs used in earlier stages, or inositol, stimulants, or supplemental thyroid.

  38. Aetiology of Bipolar disorder • Most likely complex • Interaction of multiple genes with the environment

  39. Genetic of bipolar disorder • Relative risk to develop Bipolar disorder is 5-10% in first degree relative (40-70% in monozygotic twins) and 5-1.5% in the general population. • Increase risk to develop unipolar diorder in children of bipolar patient as well as increase to develop bipolar disorder in children of unipolar • Bipolar disorder is heritable but mechanism of transmission is unknown • Multiple candidate genes on various chromosomes • Genetic of drug response (lithium)

  40. Neuroanatomy of bipolar disorder • Neuroanatomical studies : • limbic structures (amygdala, hippocampus*)and the thalamus role in mood and cognition • Cingulate and prefrontal cortex • Functional studies • More activation in emotional brain (hippocampus, amygdala, prefrontal cortex) • Recruitment of subcortical region for emotional evaluation (caudate, thalamus,amygdala)

  41. Neurochemistry of bipolar disorder • Serotonin system :involved in the pathophysiology of depression • 5HT2A , 5HT1A receptors • Dopaminergic system : dopamine synthesis increase in mania • Intracellular signaling • Neurotrophic factors and cell atrophy and death

More Related