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Infrastructures for Using Metadata RSS and OAI-PMH

Infrastructures for Using Metadata RSS and OAI-PMH. CS 431 – March 14, 2005 Carl Lagoze – Cornell University. RSS. Format to expose news and content of news-like sites Wired Slashdot Weblogs “News” has very wide meaning Any dynamic content that can be broken down into discrete items

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Infrastructures for Using Metadata RSS and OAI-PMH

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  1. Infrastructures for Using MetadataRSS and OAI-PMH CS 431 – March 14, 2005 Carl Lagoze – Cornell University

  2. RSS • Format to expose news and content of news-like sites • Wired • Slashdot • Weblogs • “News” has very wide meaning • Any dynamic content that can be broken down into discrete items • Wiki changes • CVS checkins • Roles • Provider syndicates by placing an RSS-formated XML file on Web • Aggregator runs RSS-aware program to check feeds for changes

  3. RSS History • Original design (0.90) for Netscape for building portals of headlines to news sites • Loosely RDF based • Simplified for 0.91 dropping RDF connections • RDF branch was continued with namespaces and extensibility in RSS 1.0 • Non-RDF branch continued to 2.0 release • Alternately called: • Rich Site Summary • RDF Site Summary • Really Simple Syndication

  4. RSS is in wide use • All sorts of origins • News • Blogs • Corporate sites • Libraries • Commercial • http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/2005/01/04#a821

  5. RSS components • Channel • single tag that encloses the main body of the RSS document • Contains metadata about the channel -title, link, description, language, image • Item • Channel may contain multiple items • Each item is a “story” • Contains metadata about the story (title, description, etc.) and possible link to the story

  6. RSS 1.0 Example

  7. RSS 2.0 Example

  8. RSS Validation • http://www.redland.opensource.ac.uk/rss/ • http://www.ldodds.com/rss_validator/1.0/

  9. And of course….

  10. RSS applications • http://www.syndic8.com/ • Automated discovery of RSS feeds • <link rel="alternate" type="text/xml" title="XML" href="http://rss.benhammersley.com/index.rss" /> • Aggregators • AmphetaDesk - http://disobey.com/amphetadesk/ • NewsGator - http://www.newsgator.com/home.aspx • NetNewsWore - http://ranchero.com/netnewswire/

  11. RSS 2.0 and publish and subscribe • <cloud> element of channel • Specifies a web service that supports the rssCloud interface which can be implemented in HTTP-POST, XML-RPC or SOAP 1.1 • Allow processes to register with a cloud to be notified of updates to the channel via a callback • <cloud domain="radio.xmlstoragesystem.com" port="80" path="/RPC2" registerProcedure="xmlStorageSystem.rssPleaseNotify" protocol="xml-rpc" />

  12. The Open Archives Initiative (OAI) and the Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH)

  13. Origins of the OAI “The Open ArchivesInitiative has been set up to create a forum to discuss and solve matters of interoperability between electronic preprint solutions, as a way to promote their global acceptance. “ (Paul Ginsparg, Rick Luce & Herbert Van de Sompel - 1999)

  14. What is the OAI now? • Technological framework around OAI-PMH protocol • Application independent • Independent of economic model for content Also … a community and a “brand” (and you need it for an assignment due in May) “The OAI develops and promotes interoperability standards that aim to facilitate the efficient dissemination of content.” (from OAI mission statement)

  15. NSDLMetadataRepo. OAIster Search Service EPrints OAI DSpace DLESE Earth Science Digital Library arXiv Library of Congress Where does the OAI fit?

  16. OAI and Open Access • There is “A” difference • Open Archives Initiative • Open Access • The OAI is not tied to a particular political agenda - technicalfocus • BUT… the OAI provides functionality that is essential for many Open Access proposals

  17. Service Provider (Harvester) Data Provider (Repository) Protocol requests (GET, POST) XML metadata OAI-PMH • PMH -> Protocol for Metadata Harvesting http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/openarchivesprotocol.htm • Simple protocol, just 6 verbs • Designed to allow harvesting of any XML (meta)data (schema described) • For batch-mode not interactive use

  18. OAI for discovery R1 R2 ? User R3 R4 Information islands

  19. OAI for discovery Service layer R1 R2 Search service User R3 R4 Metadata harvested by service

  20. OAI for XYZ Service layer R1 R2 XYZ service User R3 R4 Global network of resources exposing XML data

  21. all available metadata about this sculpture item Dublin Core metadata MARC21 metadata branding metadata records OAI-PMH Data Model resource item has identifier record has identifier + metadata format + datestamp

  22. OAI and Metadata Formats • Protocol based on the notion that a record can be described in multiple metadata formats • Dublin Core is required for “interoperability” • Extended to include XML compound object formats: e.g., METS, DIDL • http://www.dlib.org/dlib/december04/vandesompel/12vandesompel.html

  23. OAI-PMH and HTTP • OAI-PMH uses HTTP as transport • Encoding OAI-PMH in GET • http://baseURL?verb=<verb>&arg1=<arg1Val>... • Example: http://an.oa.org/OAIscript? verb=GetRecord& identifier=oai:arXiv.org:hep-th/9901001& metadataPrefix=oai_dc • Error handling • all OK at HTTP level? => 200 OK • something wrong at OAI-PMH level? => OAI-PMH error (e.g. badVerb) • HTTP codes 302 (redirect), 503 (retry-after), etc. still available to implementers, but do not represent OAI-PMH events

  24. Verb Function Identify description of archive metadata about the repository ListMetadataFormats metadata formats supported by archive ListSets sets defined by archive ListIdentifiers OAI unique ids contained in archive harvesting verbs ListRecords listing of N records GetRecord listing of a single record most verbs take arguments: dates, sets, ids, metadata formats and resumption token (for flow control) OAI-PMH verbs

  25. Identify verb Information about the repository, start any harvest with Identify <Identify> <repositoryName>Library of Congress 1</repositoryName> <baseURL>http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/oai</baseURL> <protocolVersion>2.0</protocolVersion> <adminEmail>r.e.gillian@larc.nasa.gov</adminEmail> <adminEmail>rgillian@visi.net</adminEmail> <deletedRecord>transient</deletedRecord> <earliestDatestamp>1990-02-01T00:00:00Z</earliestDatestamp> <granularity>YYYY-MM-DDThh:mm:ssZ</granularity> <compression>deflate</compression>

  26. GetRecord - Normal response <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <OAI-PMH> ….namespace info not shown here <responseDate>2002-0208T08:55:46Z</responseDate> <request verb=“GetRecord”… …>http://arXiv.org/oai2</request> <GetRecord> <record> <header> <identifier>oai:arXiv:cs/0112017</identifier> <datestamp>2001-12-14</datestamp> <setSpec>cs</setSpec> <setSpec>math</setSpec> </header> <metadata> ….. </metadata> </record> </GetRecord> </OAI-PMH> note no HTTP encoding of the OAI-PMH request

  27. <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <OAI-PMH> <responseDate>2002-0208T08:55:46Z</responseDate> <request>http://arXiv.org/oai2</request> <error code=“badVerb”>ShowMe is not a valid OAI-PMH verb</error> </OAI-PMH> with errors, only the correct attributes are echoed in <request> Error/exception response Same schema for all responses, including error responses.

  28. Identifiers • Items have identifiers (all records of same item share identifier) • Identifiers must have URI syntax Unless you can recognize a global URI scheme, identifiers must be assumed to be local to the repository • Complete identification of a record is baseURL+identifier+metadataPrefix+datestamp • <provenance> container may be used to express harvesting/transformation history

  29. Selective Harvesting • RSS is mainly a “tail” format • OAI-PMH is more “grep” like • Two “selectors” for harvesting • Date • Set • Why not general search? • Out of scope • Not low-barrier • Difficulty in achieving consensus

  30. Datestamps • All dates/times are UTC, encoded in ISO8601, Z notation: 1957-03-20T20:30:00Z • Datestamps may be either fill date/time as above or date only (YYYY-MM-DD). Must be consistent over whole repository, ‘granularity’ specified in Identify response. • Earlier version of the protocol specified “local time” which caused lots of misunderstandings. Not good for global interoperability!

  31. Harvesting granularity • mandatory support of YYYY-MM-DD • optional support of YYYY-MM-DDThh:mm:ssZ (must look at Identify response) • granularity of from and until agrument in ListIdentifier/ListRecords must match

  32. Sets • Simple notion of grouping at the item level to support selective harvesting • Hierarchical set structure • Multiple set membership permitted • E.g: repo has sets A, A:B, A:B:C, D, D:E, D:F If item1 is in A:B then it is in A If item2 is in D:E then it is in D, may also be in D:F Item3 may be in no sets at all

  33. eliminates the need for the “double harvest” 1.x required to get all records and all set information Record headers • header contains set membership of item <record> <header> <identifier>oai:arXiv:cs/0112017</identifier> <datestamp>2001-12-14</datestamp> <setSpec>cs</setSpec> <setSpec>math</setSpec> </header> <metadata> ….. </metadata> </record>

  34. resumptionToken • Protocol supports the notion of partial responses in a very simple way: Response includes a ‘token’ at the which is used to get the next chunk. • Idempotency of resumptionToken: return same incomplete list when resumptionToken is reissued • while no changes occur in the repo: strict • while changes occur in the repo: all items with unchanged datestamp • optional attributes for the resumptionToken: expirationDate, completeListSize, cursor

  35. Harvesting strategy • Issue Identify request • Check all as expected (validate, version, baseURL, granularity, comporession…) • Check sets/metadata formats as necessary (ListSets, ListMetadataFormats) • Do harvest, initial complete harvest done with no from and to parameters • Subsequent incremental harvests start from datastamp that is responseDate of last response

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