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Cold War

Cold War. Essential Questions What impact did World War II have on the development of democracy in Germany and Japan? How did different political systems help cause the Cold War between the US and the Soviet Union?

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Cold War

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  1. Cold War • Essential Questions • What impact did World War II have on the development of democracy in Germany and Japan? • How did different political systems help cause the Cold War between the US and the Soviet Union? • How did the rivalry between the US and the Soviet Union involve other nations around the world?

  2. How was Europe divided? • Western Europe democracies • Eastern Europe occupied by Soviet Union • Stalin wanted to spread communism • Why? buffer zone from west • Forced communist governments in Poland, Czechoslovakia • Countries became known as satellites • Led to iron- curtain  imaginary line splitting communist from democracies

  3. Who were the two Superpowers? United States Soviet Union East Communism • Western Nation • Democracy • Capitalist

  4. Comparison of Market and Command Economies

  5. Cold War Begins • Conflicts in thinking and hostility between nations led to Cold War • Distrust between nations • “cold” because armed conflict between superpowers did not exist

  6. The Cold War 1945-1991

  7. What was the US response to the Soviet expansion? Truman Doctrine Marshall Plan 1947 Economic aid package designed to strengthen democracies US sent billions to help democracies • 1947 • Economic and military program designed to help nations resist Soviets • Sent aid to Greece and Turkey

  8. Why did the US support Greece and Turkey? • Theory of containment • Limiting communism • Wanted to maintain pro- democratic governments

  9. What crisis existed in Germany? • Germany divided into four zones • Increased tensions • Stalin blockaded Berlin to force out Allies • Leads to Berlin Airlift

  10. Berlin Blockade and the Division of Germany Leads to the Formation of a Free West Germany

  11. Opposing Alliances NATO Warsaw Pact Consisted of Soviet Union and satellites Military & defensive alliance • North Atlantic Treaty Organization • Western Europe • Military & defensive alliance

  12. Were all countries aligned?? NO! • Nonaligned Nations not allied with US or USSR • Non aligned nations wanted to reduce world tensions • Yugoslavia, India, African Nations, China, South East Asia • US & USSR offer military and economic aid to gain influence in the developing world

  13. How did people react in Eastern Europe? • Hungarian Revolt 1956 • Imre Nagy  nationalist • Ended 1 party rule/ withdrew from Warsaw Pact • Czechoslovakia Revolt 1968 • Alexander Dubcek • Eased censorship/ new constitution • Soviet Union used force to put down both rebellions

  14. Race Time Arms Race Space Race 1957 - Soviets launch Sputnik, a satellite orbited the Earth ‘58- American Satellite (NASA) ’61- Soviets man in space ‘69- US man on the moon • Buildup of atomic weapons • Raised levels of tension • Raised fears among public • Feared destruction of the world

  15. Where did conflicts exist around the world? • East Asia • Middle East • Africa • Latin America

  16. East Asia Korean War Vietnam War 1954- 1975 North  Communist (Ho Chi Minh) South  Democratic North Vietnam tried to unite country under communism Americans unable to push out forces United under communist control in 1975 • 1950-1953 • North Korea  Soviets • South Korea  Americans • North Korea tried to unite country under communism • UN forces pushed back surge • Divided at 38th parallel

  17. The Vietnam War • North Vietnam, led by Ho Chi Minh, was communist and backed by the Soviet Union. • South Vietnam, led by Ngo Dinh Diem, was democratic and backed by the U.S.

  18. Video Clip: Platoon The Uncertain Enemy · Jungle warfare was difficult, and it was hard to locate the enemy. · In addition, it was very difficult to identify which South Vietnamese were our allies and which were supporting the Vietcong. Ex Vietcong showing secret tunnels, November 7, 2004

  19. · Many South Vietnamese distrusted Diem and joined the Vietcong, a communist guerilla group supported by North Vietnam. An execution of a Vietcong prisoner Feb. 1, 1968

  20. Vietnam War • 1959-1975 • US sent troops to contain Communism • US loses, Vietnam to become Communist

  21. Middle East Arab States & Israel Iran & Iraq Rivalry over oil US supported • Gamal Abdel Nasser  leader in Arab Egypt • Nationalized Suez Canal • Built Aswan Dam w/ help from Soviets • Israel supported by Americans • Fought two wars

  22. The Cold War in Latin America • Causes of Cuban Revolution 1959 • 1. Political: • Rule by Repressive Dictator • Corruption and bribery of government officials. 2. Economic: • Unequal distribution of wealth • High unemployment • Foreign influence by US Result: Fidel Castro uses guerrilla army and establishes a communist dictatorship

  23. What was the Bay of Pigs? • 1961--indecision, embarrassment for Kennedy. • On April 17, 1961, about 1,500 CIA-trained Cuban exiles launched the disastrous Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba • failed attempt to overthrow the government of Fidel Castro

  24. What was the Cuban Missile Crisis? • Castro turns to Soviet Union for support • The Soviet Union began to build missile bases in Cuba • Kennedy responds with Naval Blockade • Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev agreed to remove Soviet missiles from Cuba, and the U.S. agreed not to invade Cuba.

  25. Video: Cuban Missile Crisis(1:09) "That Tuesday the first of thirteen days of decision unlike any other in the Kennedy years or, indeed, inasmuch as this was the first direct nuclear confrontation, unlike any other in the history of our planet." - Theodore Sorensen, aide to Pres. Kennedy

  26. · Pres. Kennedy announced that American warships would stop any Soviet ship carrying missiles.

  27. Collapse of Communism and the Soviet Union

  28. How were tensions eased during the Cold War? • Nixon and Brezhnev promoted a period of détente: lessening of tensions • Involved arms controls and treaties • Cultural exchanges • Trade agreements

  29. Why did the Soviet Union invade Afghanistan? • Détente ended with the invasion in 1979 • Wanted to maintain a procommunist government • Increased tensions

  30. Mikhail Gorbachev in the Soviet Union • 1985: Pulled troops out of Afghanistan • Move away from Command economy • Goal: Reformed government and economy • Why? • Economic problems leading to political problems • Communism failing as an economic system • Underproduction/poor quality/ unable to motivate workers

  31. Gorbachev • Perestroika: • goal  restructure and stimulate the economy • Free market reforms • Small privately owned businesses similar to Lenin’s NEP/local managers more decision making • Negative effects: Inflation increased/ shortage of food • Glasnost: • Openness to democratic ideas • Ended censorship and encouraged discussion

  32. Germany and Poland • 1989 Berlin Wall torn down • 1990 free elections in East and West Germany • Unification of Germany in 1990 • Effects Of Reunification of Germany • West German Economy hurt by reunification to modernize East Germany • Major recession • Poland • Economic problems cause unrest • Lech Walesa: led workers Solidarity movement • Became president after first free elections in 1989

  33. Eastern Europe Transformed • Between 1989 to 1991 Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Albania, and Bulgaria held free elections. • Romania overthrew and executed their brutal president Nicolae Ceausescu who refused to have free elections. • In 1991 the Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland joined NATO • Chernobyl nuclear accident • All eastern European nations as well as the Soviet Republics had great difficulty switching from communism to capitalism: high inflation and high unemployment.

  34. The Fall of the Soviet Union Causes Effects Loss of role as superpower End of Cold War Economic hardships Conflicts between democrats and communists • Leadership of Gorbachev • Glasnost • Perestroika • Economic problems • Freedom movements in Eastern Europe

  35. December 1991 Collapse of Soviet Union • 15 Republics are formed • Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) • Boris Yeltsin Becomes President of Russia • ‘Shock Therapy’ sharp switch from a command to a market economy

  36. Boris Yeltsin • Transition from communism to democracy • Transition from communism to free market • 1993/ 1994 hyperinflation 800% • High unemployment • Severe shortages/high crime • 1991 War in Chechnya/demanded independence/rebel battles/still going on today • 1999 Replaced by Putin/new president former KGB agent

  37. Vladimir Putin- 1999 • Sought new relationships with West • Signed nuclear arms reduction agreement with US

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