PUBLIC SPEAKING

1. PUBLIC SPEAKING Using Language

2. Q:Crusade or Jihad? 1. Holy war undertaken as a sacred duty. 2. Any vigorous, emotional movement for an idea or principle. 3. Any vigorous, aggressive movement for the defense or advancement of an idea, cause, etc. 4. War carried on under religious sanction. (dictionary.com)

3. A:Crusade or Jihad 1. Holy war undertaken as a sacred duty [...] J 2. Any vigorous, emotional [movement] for an idea or principle.J 3. Any vigorous, aggressive movement for the defense or advancement of an idea, cause, etc. C 4. […]War carried on under [religious] sanction. C

4. Denotative Meaning Literal or dictionary meaning of word or phrase

5. Connotative Meaning Meaning suggested by associations or emotions triggered by word or phrase

6. Language Use Guidelines • Use language clearly and accurately • Use language vividly • Use language appropriately

7. Use Language Clearly and AccuratelyAbstract Words • Refer to general concepts, qualities, or attributes • The big vehicle started moving with a lot of noise and smoke.

8. Use Language Clearly and Accurately Concrete Words • Refer to tangible objects • The space shuttle Atlantis launched.

9. Use Language Clearly and Accurately Abstract vs. Concrete Physical activity Sports Golf Professional golf Tiger Woods Abstract Concrete

10. Use Language VividlyCreating Imagery • Creates mental images of objects, actions, ideas • “He dove for the ball” describes this:

11. Use Language Vividly Creating Imagery • “It was the final point in the ‘Breast Cancer Awareness Beach Volleyball Tournament’. Wearing his bright pink hat, and with his teammate looking on in dread, he fully extended himself for the ball as it plummeted towards the sand. His dive saved the point and won the match.” describes this:

12. Use Language Vividly Creating Imagery

13. Use Language Vividly Creating Imagery

14. Use Language Vividly Simile • Comparison (explicit) • Introduced with “like” or “as”

15. Use Language Vividly Simile “Air pollution is eating away at the monuments in Washington, D.C., like a giant Alka-Seltzer tablet.”

16. Use Language Vividly Metaphor • Comparison (implicit) • Not introduced with “like” or “as”

17. Use Language Vividly Metaphor “America’s cities are the windows through which the world looks at American society.”

18. Use Language Vividly Rhythm Pattern of sound created by your choice and/or arrangement of words

19. Use Language Vividly Exploiting Rhythm of Language

20. Use Language VividlyParallelism Similar arrangement of pair or series of related words, phrases, sentences

21. Use Language Vividly Parallelism “Rich and poor, intelligent and ignorant, wise and foolish, virtuous and vicious, man and woman—it is ever the same, each soul must depend wholly on itself.”

22. Use Language Vividly Repetition Reiterating same word or set of words at beginning or end of successive clauses, sentences

23. Use Language Vividly Repetition “If not now, when? If not us, who? If not together, how?”

24. Use Language Vividly Alliteration Repeating initial consonant in close or adjoining words

25. Use Language Vividly Alliteration “Our colleges, our communities, our country should challenge hatred wherever we find it.”

26. Use Language Vividly Antithesis Juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, usually in parallel structure

27. Use Language Vividly Antithesis “Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country.”

28. Using Language Appropriately • For the: • Occasion • Audience • Topic • Speaker

29. Using Language AppropriatelyInclusive Language Does not stereotype, demean on basis of gender, race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, etc.

30. Using Language AppropriatelyInclusive Language • Avoid generic “he” • Avoid use of “man” when referring to both men & women • Avoid stereotyping jobs, social roles by gender • Use names groups use to identify themselves

31. Using Language AppropriatelyAvoid the Generic “He” • Inappropriate: • Whenever a surgeon walks into the operating room, he risks being sued for malpractice.

32. Using Language AppropriatelyAvoid the Generic “He” • More appropriate: • Whenever a surgeon walks into the operating room, she or he risks being sued for malpractice. • Whenever surgeons walk into the operating room, they risk being sued for malpractice.

33. Using Language AppropriatelyAvoid Generic “Man” • Inappropriate: • If a large comet struck the earth, it could destroy all of mankind. • More appropriate: • If a large comet struck the earth, it could destroy all human life. • If a large comet struck the earth, it could destroy all life.

34. Using Language AppropriatelyAvoid Stereotyping • Inappropriate • Being a small businessman in the current economic climate is not easy. • More appropriate • Being a small business person in the current economic climate is not easy. • Owning a small business in the current economic climate is not easy.

35. Using Language AppropriatelyUse Group Self-Identifiers • Inappropriate • The Paralympics show what handicapped people can accomplish in the athletic arena. • More appropriate • The Paralympics show what people with disabilities can accomplish in the athletic arena. • The Paralympics show what the differently abled can accomplish in the athletic arena.