オーストラリア研究 ( 英語 )

1. オーストラリア研究(英語) Grace (10) Molly (14) Daisy (8) Chris Burgess (1号館1308研究室、内線164) cburgess@tsuda.ac.jp・http://edu.tsuda.ac.jp/~cburgess

3. Last of Rabbit-Proof Fence sisters, whose trek home was made into famous film, dies • The youngest of three girls from Western Australia's north-west, whose life story inspired the award-winning film Rabbit-Proof Fence, has died at the age of 95. • Martu woman Daisy Kadibil was a small child when she was taken away from her family as part of the Stolen Generations. • She and her sister, Molly, and cousin, Gracie, used the rabbit-proof fence to find their way home from the Moore River Native Settlement, a 1,600km journey.

6. Native Title News (先住民権源法)

7. Stricter regulation urged for development of 'aboriginal land' • TAIPEI, Taiwan -- Rights groups and lawmakers called for the redrafting of a bill that they said falls short of its original intent of improving protection for indigenous people against commercial development on their land. A 15-year investigation conducted by the government concludes that 1.8 million hectares of land in Taiwan had originally belonged to the indigenous people. • A draft bill established by the Council of Indigenous Peoples (原住民族委員會) states that only 800,000 hectares of the 1.8m hectares are "traditional territories of the indigenous people." • Article 21 of the Indigenous Peoples Basic Law (原住民族基本法)stipulates that before developing land "on the traditional territories of the indigenous people," the government or private firm must obtain the consent of indigenous peoples or tribes and "share benefits with the indigenous people." May 10, 2017

8. Representatives from Aboriginal assemblies yesterday protest in front of the Legislative Yuan in Taipei (2017/03/09)

10. The ‘Stolen’ Generations(盗まれた世代・奪われた子供達) 1890s+ Policy of Protection (保護) Segregation (人類分離) 1905 + New law: half-caste and (some) ‘pure’ Aboriginal and children up to 16 could be removed from parents (in actual fact mostly ‘half’ children only were removed) 1970

11. 1905-1970 • 20,000 – 25,000 children removed(1 in 10) • forcible removal • removal under threat or duress • official deception • uninformed voluntary release • voluntary release

12. Mr A.O. Ｎｅｖｉｌｌｅ，　Ｃｈｉｅｆ　Ｐｒｏｔｅｃｔｏｒ，　Western　Ａｕｓｔｒａｌｉａ　（１９１５－４０）

16. Chapter 1: The Beginning Chapter 3: Stolen

17. Why? • Why were Ａboriginal (and particularly mixed blood) children (forcibly) removed from their parents?

18. 政府の立場に立って考える。。。 • Imagine you lived 70 years ago: • rapidly falling aboriginal population • rising numbers of ‘half-castes’ • Put yourself in the government’s shoes: imagine why such a policy of removal might be necessary (i.e. the reasons behind such a policy)

19. Humanitarian reasons(人道主義) “Assist, Help, Save, Rescue” Superiority of white race

20. Protection Assimilation （同化） “It is expected that all persons of Aboriginal or mixed blood in Australia will live like white Australians” (Government Minister, 1951)

21. Chapter 3b: The chief Protector

22. What to do with half-caste children? • Go “back to black”? • Remain unwanted ‘3rd race’? • Advance to white status? (‘breed out [飼育] the black’)

23. What about mother’s pain and grief? “I would not hesitate to separate any half-caste from its Aboriginal mother, no matter how frantic momentary grief might be at the time. They soon forget their offspring.” James Liddel, Traveling Protector of the North

24. What about mother’s pain and grief? “The half-castes will rapidly become an increasing incubus [負担]on the community…They have to be protected against themselves…The sore spot requires the application of the surgeon's knife for the good of the patient, and probably against the patient's will…The native must be helped." Neville, Protector of Western Australia

25. Missions and Reserves(宗教団体が作った奥地のアボリジニー集落・保護区域)Training as domestic servants and farm labourers

26. Chapter 4: Moore River Native Settlement

27. Jigalong 2400km (9 weeks)

29. Chapter 14: Homecoming

30. Righting the Wrongs 昔の行いを正す

31. Click for PDF ‘Bringing Them Home’ Report The National Inquiry into the Stolen Generations(1997) • 535 Indigenous people gave evidence or submissions about their experiences of (forcible) removal… “This report is dedicated to the generations of Aboriginal children taken from their families and communities, who are still searching for home, and to the memory of the children who will never return. It is dedicated to the mothers, fathers and families of the 'stolen generations‘.”

32. (供述) Stolen Generations Testimonies • The ‘Stolen Generations’ Testimonies’ project is an initiative to record on film the personal testimonies of Australia’s Stolen Generations Survivors and share them online.  http://www.stolengenerationstestimonies.com/

34. The Bringing Them Home Report noted… • Forcible removal policies saw the removal of between 1 in 3 and 1 in 10 Indigenous children, in the period 1910 to 1970 • The effects of such removal were, for most victims, negative, multiple, and damaging • Removal laws were racially discriminatory and genocidal in intent (民族大虐殺的)

35. However, some critics question whether it was really ‘wrong’… • ‘Generation’ not an appropriate term • 10% isn’t a whole generation • Children weren’t ‘stolen’ but removed in order to give them a better life • Some mothers voluntarily surrendered their children • The policy was a product of the society and values at that time, and was entirely legal • It cannot be judged against modern standards • ‘1 in 10’ figure wildly exaggerated • Doubtful whether children were really removed from any state except Queensland

36. John Howard: Apology not necessary/no genocide • "I do not believe, as a matter of principle, that one generation can accept responsibility for the acts of an earlier generation,” said the former prime minister • "In some cases, children were wrongly removed; in other cases, they were removed for good reason; in other cases, they were given up; and in other cases, the judgment on the removal is obscure or difficult to make. The Bringing Them Home report was wrong in its conclusions that genocide had been practised against Indigenous Australians.”

37. (謝罪) (賠償金) Apology and Compensation key recommendations of report: Apology given in 2008, but not compensation • Indigenous Affairs minister Jenny Macklin said the Government had other priorities: "We won't be creating a compensation fund. What we will be doing is putting the funding …into health and education services.” • Finance minister Lindsay Tanner said individuals were free to pursue legal action if they chose…

38. First Compensation [賠償金] win for the Stolen Generation (Oct. 2002) • Valerie Linow, 61, Awarded $35,000 for sexual assault and violence she suffered as a domestic servant when she was 16

39. Bruce Trevorrow, 50, won more than $500,000 damages when a Supreme Court judge accepted his forced removal had caused his later depression (August 2007)

40. ‘STOLEN WAGES’ CAMPAIGN For more info see...

41. A “New”, Second”, or “Modern Day” Stolen Generation?

42. New stolen generation • More indigenous children in state care (15,000+) than in the 1920s/1930s?!? • The number of Indigenous children removed and placed into out of-home-care has doubled since the 2008 apology. • Indigenous children are removed at 10 times the rate of non-Indigenous children (mostly due to neglect/abuse)

43. Aboriginal adoption plans spark new 'stolen generation' fears • Politicians in northern Australia said Tuesday they were considering putting neglected Aboriginal children up for adoption (養子縁組), sparking fears of a new “stolen generation.” • Northern Territory Chief Minister Adam Giles, Australia’s first indigenous state or territory leader, said he was advocating the plan on a case-by-case basis to protect vulnerable children. May 2013 CRITICISM: “the loss of culture, land and language has a long-term impact on the social and emotional wellbeing of those children who are removed.”

44. Australia in the grip of a ‘new stolen generation’, indigenous children forcibly removed from homes • Most Aboriginal kids removed from their families are not placed with relatives, kin, or in indigenous residential (home) care • However, this violates the Aboriginal Child Placement Principle in the Care and Protection of Children Act • Prf. Paddy Gibson: “A return to an assimilation policy where mass removal of Aboriginal children is being used as a strategy to deal with questions of Aboriginal disadvantage, just as it was in the Stolen Generations era.” August 02, 2014

45. As a victim of the Stolen Generation, Gappala Pascoe's commitment stems from knowing the pain of returning a stranger to his own culture. "When a kid is brought up in an urban setting, he's totally thinking about suicide. Why? He lost his culture. He doesn't know his family. He doesn't know how to speak his language. This is what's happening. I have experienced this before in my lifetime."

48. Readings: On TsudaNet ポータル Readings for the following week can be accessed at least one week before (i.e. now!)

49. Read the PDF/URL about apology, reconciliation, & ‘closing the gap’ (2008) This will be useful background for next week’s class

50. オーストラリア研究(英語) Chris Burgess (1号館1308研究室、内線164) cburgess@tsuda.ac.jp・http://edu.tsuda.ac.jp/~cburgess