Prof. E.P. Volkov, Director of Power Engineering Institute (ENIN) Moscow, Russia

1. Prof. E.P. Volkov, Directorof Power Engineering Institute (ENIN) Moscow, Russia Technology of thermal processing of organic-containing raw materials. Unit with solid heat carrier (UTT).

2. Narva Baltic Sea Russia Russian technology of pyrolysis — development and maintenance Technology of oil shale pyrolysis was successfully mastered and introduced in industrial scales at the unit UTT-500 processing 500 t of oil shale per day and that at the unit UTT-3000 processing 3000 tperday. Two units UTT-3000were put intooperation in 1987 at the Power plant at city Narva, Estonia (in the time of former USSR).It demonstratesuccessful experience of thermal processing of Baltic oil shales as well as of waste automobile tires, solid and liquid organic waste in a mixture with oil shale. The resultis the obtaining of high calorific liquid and gaseous fuels as well as the very valuable chemical products. 2

3. Unit UTT-3000 in city Narva for thermal processing of oil shales Two units UTT-3000 in Narva take up to now the leading place in the world as to the quality of oils and gas obtained from oil shale, ecological indicators and economic efficiency. General view 3

4. to atmosphere 9 7 12 8 steam-gas mixture gas oil shale 13 2 6 steam 1 5 shale oil heavy, middle and light fractions 3 11 water air 4 10 ash Schematic diagramof thermal processing of Baltic oil shale.Unit UTT-3000 1 – aero-fountain air spray drier, 2 – dry shale cyclone, 3 – mixer,4 – drum reactor, 5 – dust separator, 6 – aero-fountain furnace, 7 – flow separator,8 – heat carrier cyclone, 9 – ash cyclone,10 – recovery boiler, 11 – ash heat exchanger, 12 - filter 4

5. Unit UTT-3000 for thermal processing of oil shales  The main advantage of pyrolysis by means of units UTT is a possibility of oil shale processing of anyfractional composition and quality Only the oils shales with calorific valuelower than 2.9 MJ/kg require the supply of additional fuel for processing that is necessary for supporting the pyrolysis process. For reference: Heat of combustion of Baltic oil shales for Estonia and Leningradskaya region of Russia is 8,37 MJ/kg 5

6. Baltic oil shales 6

7. Is in operation since 1989 more than14years Unit UTT-3000 in city Narva for thermal processing of oil shales View ofthe section for thermal decomposition 7

8. Unit UTT-3000 in city Narva for thermal processing of oil shales Rotating drum reactor 8

9. Unit UTT-3000 has the following advantages:  Theheat of combustion gasobtained after pyrolysis in units UTT is in2.5-3.0 times morethanin the plants of other countries. So, the calorific value of pyrolysis gas after the processing of oil shale of Leningradskoye depositsis 42,2 MJ/kg. The gas obtainedin the units UTTs representsthe marketable product - a fuel for gas turbines, while in other technologies the considerable part ofgasis used in the cycle itself for combustion in the reactor. The utilization of ash instead of gas for pyrolysisincreases theefficiency of inits up to 84-89%, while the efficiency doesn’t exceed 65% for the majority of plants of other types. The total efficiency of cleaningof gas-vapormixture in cyclones achieves 99,5%.Owing to it, the content of dust doesn’t exceed 1.0-1.5% even in the heavy fractions of oil shale. TheinitsUTT-3000 processthe waste automobile tiresin amixture with oil shale. Theprocessingof grounds saturated by oil products (for example, because of accidents during transportation) is also technically possible and was confirmedin practice. 9

10. Scheme of steam-gas unit with recovery boiler 1 - compressor of gas turbine 2 - combustion chamber for gaz afterUTT 3 - Combustion chamber for GF( gasoil fraction ) 4 - gas turbine 5 - electric generator 6 - recovery boiler 7 - steam turbine 8 - electric generator 9 - condenser 10 – condensate pump 11 - deaerator 12 – feed pump 13 – drum separator of high pressure 14 – circulating high-pressure pump 15 – drum separator oflow pressure 16 – circulating low-pressure pump 10

11. Main characteristics of oil shale fractions obtainedintheunits UTT.Oil shales of Leningradskoye deposit 11

12. Calculated indices gas turbine cogeneration plant(steam-gas plant - SGP ) on the basis of CHP and UTT. 12

13. Marketable products, which can be obtained in the energy-technological complexon the basis of heat power plant (CHP) UTT-3000 withsteam gas (gas turbine cogeneration) plant(variant of gas turbines of company ABB) Electric energy969 million kWh/year Total cost of marketable products is72.77 million $ / year Marketable products,millionton per year  Diesel oil  Petroleum fraction  Liquid boiler fuel (mixture of heavy and middle fractions of shail oil)  Liquid boiler fuel, obtained by processing waste automobile tires 13

14. Characteristics of gas obtained in UTT from the oil shales Leningradskoye deposit 14

15. Conditions of financing % Financial and commercial efficiencyof energy-technologicalcomplex on the basis of UTT-3000 (variant de ABB gas turbines).Oil shalesof Leningradskoye deposit Capacity:2500 thousand ton of oil sahle per yearOutput of products: 250 thousand of shale oil from the processes oil shale plus 100 thous. tonn of oil from processed rubber products Price of oil shale………5 $/t Tarif on electricity….....3 cent/kWh Conditions of crediting  Rate of interest …….…9%  Postponement of payment.......................…15 ans  Privileged postponement........…….. 3 ans Capital investments…….189 million $ Durationof construction…....3 years Rate of profit…..……………………………………………19.42% Discounted net profit……….……………………………100.0 millions $ Payback peiod after putting into operation..……………5 years 15

16. Main applications of products obtainedfrom shale oil and gasduring the pyrolysisof oil shales Thiophene Benzene Toluene  Albichtene Ichtyol Plactisizer  Souftener  Technical sulfur  Sodium thiosulfate  etc.  chemistry  medicine  agriculture  veterinary medicine  Electric industryet optics  pharmacology 16

17. Dyesobtainedfrom thiophene — fordyeing the cotton, wool, rayon etc. Sodium ichtyol — for production of creoline used in veterinary medicine Medical ichtyol — for desinfectionin the treatment of skin and mucous membranes Technical sulfur— for wood pulp and paper industry Albichtene —as an antisepticsin production of articles for tropical zones Applications Examples : 17

18. Deposit Composition of kerogene of oil shail C H O S Pribaltyiskoye (Estonia) 77.3 9.8 11.2 1.7 Leningradskoye (Russia) 77.7 9.8 11.3 1.2 Kashpirskoye (Russia) 61.1 7.3 23.8 7.8 Kenderlikskoye (Uzbekistan) 73.8 8.4 17.8 Boltyshskoye (Ukraine) 68.0 9.3 18.3 1.9 Timakhdi (Morocco) 70.5 9.3 12.4 7.8 Green-River (USA) 80.9 11.4 6.9 0.8 Nerke (Sweden) 69.5 7.7 16.8 6.0 Lotiani (Scotland) 63.0 10.1 26.2 0.7 Render (Australia) 63.1 7.9 28.3 0.7 Irati (Brazil) 68.1 10.3 17.9 3.7 Rotem (Israel) 65.0 7.0 15.4 10.7 Kerogene composition for oil shalesof differentdeposits 18

19. Yield of semicoking products from the oil shales of different deposits 19

20. Advancing the Russian UTT technology of oil shale processing to a number of countries to involve national oil shale deposits in power industries Israeli electric company and company OSE (city Edelsburg).Deposit Rotem. Ministry of Natural Resources of Jordan.Deposit El-Ladjun. Ministry of Natural Resources of Morocco.Deposits Timakhdit, Tarfaya. The negotiations with foreign companies were positive, the protocols of intents were concluded. 20

21. Potential partners Tasiuk, Australia Lurgi-Rurgas, Germany Tosco, USA Factory of shale oil, Estonia Petrosix, Brasil 21