Consciousness

1. Consciousness Chapter 4 (5)

2. Objectives • Define consciousness, stream of consciousness, level of awareness, and alternate states of consciousness. • List the four characteristics of ASCs (124-129) • Discuss why ASCs have been of strong interest throughout history and across cultures • Explain the three major functions that are served by ASCs for all cultures (129-130) • Define chronobiology and circadian rhythms • Discuss the ill effects of disruptions in circadian rhythms • Explain how EEGs are used to study sleep • Describe what happens in a typical night’s sleep: include REM, non-REM, stages 1-4 (133-135) • Discuss, analyze, synthesize possible biological cause of sleep (136) • Compare the repair/restoration theory of sleep and the evolutionary/circadian theory • Explain problems associated with sleep deprivation (137-138) • List and describe the five major sleep disorders; insomnia, sleep apnea, narcolepsy, nightmares, and night terrors (140-143) • Describe how drugs act as agonists or antagonists to neurotransmitters • Describe the four steps of drug action on neural transmission (145-147) Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

3. EQ Are you awake? • Define consciousness, stream of consciousness, level of awareness, and alternate states of consciousness. • List the four characteristics of ASCs (124-129) • Before the Bell: You are now responsible for the board. • 1 min. bullet Type 1: brainstorm as many other things that are associated with altered states of consciousness. Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

4. Lab 1 • Sleep deprivation experiment – explain the large unit lab http://abcnews.go.com/Health/neuroscientist-sees-proof-heaven-week-long-coma/story?id=17555207#.UIkYHLXvwVA Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

5. The Study of Consciousness • Consciousness as a Construct • Consciousness – the awareness of things that are both inside and outside ourselves. • Psychologists have not always thought it existed. • John Watson (Behaviorist) did not believe because he wanted to focus on only observable behavior. • As a construct – is both intelligence and emotion. Cannot be touched but are known by their effects on behavior. Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

6. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vJG698U2Mvo B. Meanings of Consciousness (awareness) -term is used in a varieties of ways 1. Consciousness as Sensory Awareness a. aware of things around you b. selective attention – focusing on a particular stimulus - you screen out the other things – makes your senses keener c. we tend to be more conscious of some things than others. 2. Consciousness as a Direct Inner Awareness a. being aware of your emotions and why you are feeling the way you feel http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XpBuCclfFbE&feature=related Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

7. B. Meanings of Consciousness (awareness) 3. Consciousness as Sense of Self a. as you grow older you become more aware of yourself and the role you play in the world Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

8. C. Different Levels of Consciousness 1. Conscious Level- ideas are not in your awareness now, but you could recall them. (memories, stored knowledge) 2. Unconscious Level – (sometimes called subconscious) is unavailable to awareness under most circumstances (i.e. – Freud thought certain memories are painful and that some of our impulses like aggressiveness are unacceptable. We use mental strategies to push away painful or unacceptable ideas . Protect ourselves from anxiety, guilt, and shame.) Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

9. C. Different Levels of Consciousness 3. Nonconscious Level – our basic biological functions exist here. (in theory) – i.e. cannot sense fingernails growing, cannot feel exchange of CO2 and O2 as breathing Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

10. : Type 2 What are the three levels of consciousness and describe them? Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

11. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mkin1FhojCo&feature=related • Freud’s Levels of Consciousness http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CWMEnkyL_qA&playnext=1&list=PL539502A7D9B64F0C Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

12. Type 1 What was your most memorable dream. Describe it in as much detail as possible. After we write be ready to share. Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

13. C. Different Levels of Consciousness 4. Altered States of Consciousness – change a person’s sense of self or sense of the world changes – dozing off a. sleep b. meditation c. biofeedback d. hypnosis http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NXbGjkV0UYU http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gcJZmzhEST0&feature=related Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

14. II. Sleep and Dreams A. Sleep Cycle (we spend about 1/3 of our lives sleeping) 1. Circadian Rhythms – sequence of bodily changes that occurs every 24 hours, the most studied is sleep 2. Usually thought connected to rotation of the earth. However when people are removed from cues their cycle tends to expand to 25 hours. ???not sure why? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=17L5S7Kk7Cc Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

15. 2. Stages of Sleep (defined by brain wave patterns which are measured by EEG. Beta, alpha, theta, and delta waves) a. Beta waves – awake and alert – short and quick waves b. Alpha waves – little slower – relaxed state, can experience visual images like flashes of color or sensations like if we are falling. Then follows stages of sleep. Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

16. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=giKIFuw5fyc Non REM 2. Stages of Sleep c. Stage 1 – (theta waves) lightest sleep – may be accompanied by brief images that resemble vivid photographs. Probably will remember images because we were almost awake. (generally 30-40 mins) d. Move into 2-4 (delta waves) slowest of patterns e. REM – after ½ hour of stage 4 we begin to go back to 3 , 2, 1…(about 90 mins) begins irregular breathing, bp rises, f. During typical 8 hours we cycle through these stages about five times) g. as night goes on periods of REM are longer http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qvDrOXygV0w&p=36E091E1B0502CAE&playnext=1&index=29 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

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18. B. Importance of Sleep and Dreams 1. Why sleep/dreams are important a. revive tired body and build up resistance to infection b. recover from stress c. consolidate memories from day 2. Dreams a. dreams are a mystery about which many have theorized for centuries. b. We may dream every time we are in REM c. Can dream when in NREM d. we dream in “real time” if it seemed like 10 mins. it probably was Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

19. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KhTjnzlcIeI https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mkin1FhojCo&feature=related 3. Freudian View of Dreams a. Freud believed the Disney song – he believed dreams reflect a person’s unconscious wishes and urges. b. Some unconscious wishes may be unacceptable, and painful – Freud believed these would appear in dreams but no always in direct or obvious forms. c. Manifest content - symbols in dreams – give way to deal with painful material they can’t deal with. d. Latent content – true unconscious meaning of a dream Pass out dream survey http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OikoLaREvck Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

20. Using the following list of common dream themes, please place a check mark next to each one you have ever dreamed about: • _83%___1. Falling • _77%___2. Being attacked or pursued • _71%___3. Trying repeatedly to do something • 71%____4. School, teachers, studying • _66%___5. Sexual experiences • _64%___6. Arriving too late • _62%___7. Eating • 58%___8. Being frozen with fright • _57%___9. Death of a loved person • _56%__10. Being locked up • _56%__11. Finding money • _52%__12. Swimming • _49%__13. Snakes • _46%__14. Being dressed inappropriately • _44%__15. Being smothered • _43%__16. Being naked in public • _41%__17. Fire • _39%__18. Failing an examination • _34%__19. Flying • _33%__20. Seeing yourself as dead • http://www.guidetopsychology.com/dreams.htm Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

21. 4. The Bio psychological Approach a. some psychologists believe dreams begin with biological activity. b. neurons fire in part of brain that controls vision and movement. These burst are random and the brain tries to make sense of them. It does be weaving a story. c. explains why people dream about events that took place earlier. d. Most psychologist caution there are not hard and fast rules for interpreting dreams. http://www.youtube.co /watch?v=OikoLaREvck Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

22. Before the Bell: Type 1 What kind of sleeper are You? Do you have any problems with sleep? Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

23. C. Sleep Problems 1. Insomnia a. racing minds a bedtime – can be brought on by stress/anxiety b. made worse when TRYing to sleep – increases stress c. can only “set the stage for sleep”; d. many psychologist believe medication is not the best solution. e. See sheet http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KrsCl_hnaWc Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

24. C. Sleep Problems 2. Nightmares and Night Terrors a. products of REM sleep. b. studies (average of 2 a month) c. anxious or depressed persons more likely to have d. night terrors are similar, but more severe. 1.Can wake up gasping for air. 2.May wake up feeling disturbed. 3. Tend to occur during stages 3 & 4, 4. happen during the first couple of sleep cycles (nightmares more toward morning) 5. Most common in children http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JW8EtHKsmRU Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

25. C. Sleep Problems 3. Sleepwalking a. occurs during deep sleep. b. may talk and respond to questions c. common not to remember anything d. no evidence that if you wake a sleep walker they will be violent or upset. e. could accidentally hurt themselves. Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

26. C. Sleep Problems 4. Sleep Apnea a. Interruptions in breathing – we all do it, but people with sleep apnea do not automatically start breathing again until the sit up and gasp for air. b. may not be fully conscious when the do it. c. air passages are blocked d. 10 million Americans have it. Associated with obesity and snoring can lead to high blood pressure, heart attacks and strokes. Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

27. C. Sleep Problems 5. Narcolepsy a. rare – suddenly fall asleep with no warning no matter time of day or where the person is b. one minute awake, next minute in REM sleep c. Feel refreshed when the awake, but extremely dangerous d. no known causes (for sure) many believed a genetic component http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=siYsh2gp_0E&feature=related Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

28. Type 1: How do drugs alter my consciousness? Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

29. III. Altered States of Consciousness A. Meditation and Biofeedback 1. Meditation a. many techniques - stare into flame, look at pleasant images, repeat phrases like om or sheereem b. common thread- focus on peaceful repetitive stimulus. c. important part of some religions (Buddhism) http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/21134540/vp/45007876#44988699 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

30. 2. Biofeedback a. a system that provides or feeds back b. people learn to control bodily functions (heart rate) c. control alpha waves to cope with tension, BP, ADHD d. only attempted with direct supervision of medical professional http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FfhynczIsiw Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

31. III. Altered States of Consciousness B. Hypnosis: Myths and Realities 1. History – began with German physician Franx Mesmer (1700s) a. thought all universe connected by forms of magnetism – passed magnets over bodies – fall into a trance Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

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33. III. Altered States of Consciousness B. Hypnosis: Myths and Realities 1. History – began with German physician Franx Mesmer (1700s) a. thought all universe connected by forms of magnetism – passed magnets over bodies – fall into a trance 2. Uses a. memory – jog memories of witnesses (not hypnotized just as likely to remember) b. pain prevention – dentist c. quitting bad habits – posthypnotic suggestion http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hxVv-YQTw2k Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

34. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I4LzTS4ejfw http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xH97OBRwC-A • Drugs and Consciousness *Addiction – after taking a drug for a while the body craves it just to feel normal. A. Depressants 1. drugs that slow the activity of the nervous system (sense of relaxation but can have negative effects. a. alcohol – is also an intoxicant (root means poison) liver, heart problems and cancer b. Narcotics – addictive used to relieve pain and induce sleep – (morphine, heroin, codeine –forms of opium) Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

35. Drugs and Consciousness B. Stimulants – increase activity of the nervous system – speed up heart, breathing 1. Nicotine – a. release adrenaline – may make a person feel more alert and attentive – but does not improve ability to perform complex tasks b. some studies show as addictive as heroine c. health risks – lung cancer, heart disease, chronic lung and respiratory disease, miscarriage, premature birth, birth defects d. secondhand smoke just as bad Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

36. Drugs and Consciousness 2. Amphetamines – a. helping people stay awake and reducing appetite b. first used by soldiers in WWI & WWII to help them stay awake at night (speed, uppers) pleasure c. Usually “crash” when done – some people have even committed suicide because of a crash d. high doses – restlessness, insomnia, loss of appetite, irritability, hallucinations, delusion e. methamphetamine Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

37. Drugs and Consciousness 3. Cocaine a. produces feelings of pleasure, reduces hunger, deadens pain, and boosts confidence b. raises blood pressure and decreases O2 supply - can lead to death Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

38. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kuIROUabuLY • Drugs and Consciousness B. Hallucinogens *cause relaxation or feelings of pleasure or panic 1. Marijuana a. impairs perception, coordination, should not operate machines b. impairs memory and learning c. can cause anxiety and confusion d. increases heart rate 140-150 e. time warping (usually slows) f. confusion and lose sense of self Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

39. 2. LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) a. acid – much stronger than weed b. intense hallucinations c. effects not predictable – panic, confusion, inure themselves, commit suicide, d. long term effects – memory lass, violent outbursts, nightmares, and panic Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

40. 3. Other Hallucinogens a. mushrooms – eaten raw or w/food – sight, sound, taste, smell and touch, confusion, anxiety, and panic, flashbacks b. Peyote – cactus plants Mexico – religious rituals of Indian in southwestern US c. Ecstasy – hallucinations, energy, loss of judgment, nausea, high blood pressure. Free Template from www.brainybetty.com