Answers

1. Answers

2. Respiratory System Pulmonary Ventilation • Movement of air in & out of the lungs 4 stages  External respiration • Gas exchange between blood & air Gas transport in blood between lungs and body cells Internal respiration • Gas exchange between blood & body cells Cellular respiration • Utilization of the oxygen by mitochondria

3. Upper Respiratory Tract • Nose • Nasal cavity • Paranasal sinuses • Pharynx

4. Lower Respiratory Tract • Larynx • Trachea • Bronchial tree • Lungs

7. Nose Internal support • bone and cartilage Nostrils • openings through which air can enter and leave Internal hairs • guard entrance to nostrils

8. Nasal Cavity Hollow space behind the nose Nasal septum • bone and cartilage • divide the cavity into right and left portions Nasal conchae • bones that divide the cavity into passageways • support and increase SA of the mucus membrane

9. Nasal Cavity Mucous Membrane • many blood vessels (warm and vaporize air) • sticky mucus to filter air Cilia • move mucus and trapped particles to pharynx to be swallowed Why is mouth breathing a problem? Why would someone breathe through their mouth?

10. Paranasal Sinuses Air filled spaces • maxillary, ethmoid, sphenoid, and frontal bones Lined with mucous membranes Reduce weight of skull Resonance for voice Sinus infection • blockage from infection or allergic reaction

11. Pharynx Throat Behind oral cavity Between nasal cavity & larynx Passageway for air to trachea Passageway for food to esophagus Helps produce sounds of speech Subdivisons • nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

12. Larynx Enlargement in the trachea • Voice, airway, ensure food goes into esophagus Cartilages (hyaline) • thyroid, cricoid, epiglottic Vocal cords • false (upper) & true (lower) Glottis • Slit between vocal cords Epiglottis • Elastic cartilage • Covers trachea during swallowing

13. Laryngitis • Inflammation of the vocal cords • Virus, bacteria, overuse Normal

17. Trachea In front of the esophagus Many goblet cells and cilia Tracheal wall • not collapsible • hyaline cartilage rings on the anterior wall of the trachea (not on the back to bolus can travel down esophagus)

20. Bronchial Tree • Branched airways from the trachea to the air sacs in the lungs • R & L primary bronchi • Bronchioles • Alveolar ducts • Alveolar sacs • Alveoli • small microscopic air sacs

21. Bronchitis is the inflammation of the bronchi, the main air passages to the lungs, it generally follows a viral respiratory infection. Symptoms include; coughing, shortness of breath, wheezing and fatigue.

23. Lungs Soft and spongy Right lung is larger (3 lobes) Bronchus and vessels suspend the lung Visceral pleura Parietal pleura Pleural cavity • potential space between visceral and parietal pleura

25. Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lung that is most often caused by infection with bacteria, viruses, or other organisms. Occasionally, inhaled chemicals that irritate the lungs can cause pneumonia. Healthy people can usually fight off pneumonia infections. However, people who are sick, including those who are recovering from the flu (influenza) or an upper respiratory illness, have weakened immune systems that make it easier for bacteria to grow in their lungs.

26. Respiratory System

27. Inspiration Atmospheric pressure • force that pushes air into lungs Surface tension • difficult to inflate alveoli and may cause them to collapse Surfactant • lipid that prevents alveoli from collapsing • respiratory distress syndrome • Not produced until 36 wks. Gestation • Ventilator and artificial surfactant

28. Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS) is a clinical diagnosis but one which is often interchanged with the terms Hyaline Membrane Disease (a pathological diagnosis) and Surfactant Deficiency (a term describing the typical appearances on radiographs of infants with RDS).

29. Expiration Exhaling – removing air from alveoli Forces • elastic recoil of tissues & • surface tension Pneumothorax • occurs when all or part of a lung collapses or caves inward. This occurs when air gets in the area between the lung and chest wall. When this happens the lung cannot fill up with air, breathing becomes hard, and the body gets less oxygen. A collapsed lung can occur spontaneously in a healthy person or in someone who has lungs compromised by trauma, asthma, bronchitis, or emphysema.

30. Expiration

31. Respiratory Cycle

32. Emphysema • Progressive, degenerative disease that destroys alveolar walls • Small air sacs merge • loss of SA • Elasticity is lost • difficult to force air out • Inherited enzyme deficiency or exposure to irritants

33. Emphysema is a lung disease involving damage to the air sacs (alveoli).There is progressive destruction of alveoli and the surrounding tissue that supports the alveoli. With more advanced disease, large air cysts develop where normal lung tissue used to be. Air is trapped in the lungs due to lack of supportive tissue which decreases oxygenation.

34. Lung Cancer Primary pulmonary cancers • originate in the lungs Bronchogenic carcinoma • most common form Difficult to control • survival rate is low May spread quickly

37. Nonrespiratory Movements Coughing • force air upward against closure • clears lower respiratory passages Sneeze • clears upper respiratory passages Laughing • releasing breath in short expirations

38. Nonrespiratory Movements Hiccups occur when a spasm contracts the diaphragm, causing an intake of breath that is suddenly stopped by the closure of the vocal cords (glottis). Crying • similar to laughing Hiccup • sudden inspiration • spasmodic contraction of the diaphragm while glottis is closed

39. Nonrespiratory Movements Yawning • aid respiration by causing a deep breath

40. The Physiological Theory -- Our bodies induce yawning to drawn in more oxygen or remove a build-up of carbon dioxide. This theory helps explain why we yawn in groups. Larger groups produce more carbon dioxide, which means our bodies would act to draw in more oxygen and get rid of the excess carbon dioxide. However, if our bodies make us yawn to drawn in needed oxygen, wouldn't we yawn during exercise? • The Evolution Theory -- Some think that yawning is something that began with our ancestors, who used yawning to show their teeth and intimidate others. An offshoot of this theory is the idea that yawning developed from early man as a signal for us to change activities. • The Boredom Theory -- In the dictionary, yawning is said to be caused by boredom, fatigue or drowsiness. Although we do tend to yawn when bored or tired, this theory doesn't explain why Olympic athletes yawn right before they compete in their event. It's doubtful that they are bored with the world watching them. http://health.howstuffworks.com/question5721.htm

41. Interesting Yawning Facts • The average yawn lasts about six seconds. • Your heart rate can rise as much as 30 percent during a yawn. • 55 percent of people will yawn within five minutes of seeing someone else yawn. • Blind people yawn more after hearing an audio tape of people yawning. • Reading about yawning will make you yawn. • Olympic athletes often yawn before competition. http://health.howstuffworks.com/question5721.htm

43. Respiratory Air Volumes Spirometry • measures air volume Respiratory cycle • one inspiration + one expiration Tidal volume (respiratory volume) • amount of air that enters (or leaves) during a single cycle

44. Respiratory Air Volumes Inspiratory reserve volume • complemented air Expiratory reserve volume • supplemental air Residual volume • air that remains in the lungs after expiration • Allows for continual gas exchange

45. Respiratory Air Capacities Vital capacity • max. amount of air that can be expired Inspiratory capacity • max. amount of air that can be inhaled Functional residual capacity • volume of air that remains in the lungs following expiration

46. Respiratory Air Capacities Total lung capacity • varies with age, sex, and size Dead space volume • Air in respiratory passages that does NOT contribute to gas exchange

47. Respiratory Center Pons and medulla Rhythmicity center in medulla • controls basic rhythm of inspiration Pneumotixic area of pons • controls breathing rate

48. Factors Affecting Breathing Low blood oxygen has little direct effect Emotional upset Increased CO2 is the stimulus Hyperventilation • Voluntary, rapid and deep breathing • lowers blood CO2 levels • Allows breath to be held for longer periods of time (scuba divers)

49. Oxygen Transport Oxyhemoglobin Factors that release O2 from hemoglobin • Carbon dioxide increases • pH lowers • Temp. increases Hypoxia • deficiency of O2 reaching the tissues • Decreased bp, anemia, inadequate blood flow, defect at cellular level (cyanide poisoning)

50. Carbon Dioxide Transport Blood transports CO2 • dissolved in plasma • Bicarbonate ions (most common) • Carbaminohemoglobin • In HIGH concentrations can convert to carbonic acid