Introduction

1. Dissertation Title: Motivations in Open-Source Development: A Quantitative Study on Drupal in AcademiaMentee: Shallon Elizabeth Brown, Ph.D. Committee Members: Dr. Apiwan Born Dr. Lawrence Ness Dr. Bernard Sharum, Chair Originally Presented: Monday, 5 Sept 2016 11AM Central Time

2. Introduction • Open source development and the impact on the software industry • The existence of open source communities and developer networks • Quantitative, correlational study focuses on open source software development with specific emphasis on Drupal development for academic purposes

3. Statement of the Problem • Previous studies explored the connection Drupal had to academia and various uses within institutions • Drupal continues to be one of the most widely used open source CMS tools for universities, particularly for libraries (Valenza, Boyer, & Curtis, 2014) • We did not know specifics on what motivational factors may encourage Drupal open source community developers and how those factors may differ across other OSS enterprises (Darlack, 2013) • Lack of information on specifically what motivates software developers who are contributing OSS for academic use (Darlack, 2013)

4. Methodology – Research Design • This study used a quantitative research method. • Extended Klanderman’s model (EKM) was the theory used to facilitate the analysis of how software engineers described their motivations for contributing to the open source community, as originally described by Hertel, Niedner, and Herrman (2003). • Extends the traditional Klandermans’ theory of motivation analysis, which is rooted in sociological theory that describes participation in collective action as the product of balancing the expected cost and benefits of participation (Colazo & Fang, 2009). • This cross-sectional study was a non-experimental design • Study used an interval variable that represented the number of hours the participant had been cumulatively involved in Drupal open source community academic projects. • Used forward stepwise multiple linear regression, was an exploratory correlational model, and used a simple random sampling method (Pernet, Wilcox, & Rousselet, 2013).

5. Methodology – Data Collection • The inclusion criteria were that participants must be over the age of 18 and have participated in at least one Drupal project or module for academic purposes. • Exclusion criteria included anyone under the age of 18 and participants who had not participated in a Drupal project, group, or module development for academic purposes. • Only one participant chose not to accept the terms within the informed consent form, and was disqualified from participation. • The target population was OSS software developers, with a sample frame specifically of Drupal developers involved in academic related Drupal projects. • Minimal acceptable computed sample size - 126 • Survio Cint Link was used for the consumer panel

6. Methodology - Instrumentation • Investigated four primary constructs of the EKM using a questionnaire as the measurement tool (collective motives, norm-oriented motives, reputation motives, and intrinsic motives), while noting the demographics reported for gender, age, experience, and intent to contribute in the future • Instrument for this study was derived from the one developed and utilized by Nov, Arazy, and Anderson (2014) to test (confirm or refute) that EKM as a valid theory for assessing time invested in OSS based on the number of hours logged as a correlational model specifically for online open source citizen science projects. • Original instrument was used in its entirety, and was previously validated by the authors Nov, Arazy, and Anderson (2014)

7. Data Analysis • Normality testing showed fairly normal distribution after the hours variable (HOURS) was transformed (SQRT_HOURS) • Both skewness (.714) and kurtosis (-.326) were observed to be within the acceptable range of -2.00 and 2.00, respectively • Further proof of normality, homoscedasticity, and linearity were confirmed by viewing the scatterplot matrix of all IVs (COLALL, INTALL, NORALL, and REPALL) against the DV HOURS. Generally, matrices resemble an elliptical and do not closely hug the edges of the graphs. • The Cronbach’s alpha value of the α=.93 was an acceptable value, given that any value exceeding a = .70 was acceptable, as noted by Field (2009). (Field, 2009). • There were no problems of multicollinearity within the variables for this study; tolerance levels should be above .20, and all variables for this study ranged from .21 and .31 • Furthermore, VIF values ranged from 3.26 to 4.73, also noted as acceptable (Field 2009). Based on these results, the assumptions for using forward stepwise multiple linear regression were confirmed for this study

8. Results

9. Results - Outcome • Results show that only reputation motive had a statistical correlation to the number of hours contributed to Drupal academic-related projects • R squared = .15, Delta R squared = .15 • Omnibus research hypothesis and research sub-questions 3 are proven in favor of the alternative hypothesis. • Null hypothesis accepted for research sub-questions 1,2, and 4

10. Results – Post Hoc • Interested in using the demographic variable intent to contribute in the future in place of hours contributed presently against EKM • The results of post-hoc testing show a positive correlation between intent to contribute and collective motives, intrinsic motives, and reputation motives • Norm-oriented motives had no correlation to either past or future contribution • All participants who contributed over 41 hours a week were male

11. Conclusions • Results of this study show that the desire to heighten reputation is correlated positively to increased participation in Drupal academic related projects. • As such, gaining an enhanced understanding as to how reputation can be tracked within OSS communities over time is of increased importance, especially for academic related OSS projects • More research into open source developer networks and the existing established mechanisms for tracking the reputation of participants

12. Recommendations • Recommended that future research be done with varied instruments that help further explore more specific elements of reputation that contribute to the overall correlation • Recommended that future research explore more CMSs and other open source tools in relation to academia utilizing the EKM • Recommend to exploring software process control and developer contribution to open source projects that are a collaborative effort between academia and different industry sectors.

13. Questions?