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pH DE MELANGE D’ELECTROLYTES DE MEME NATURE

pH DE MELANGE D’ELECTROLYTES DE MEME NATURE. La dilution. Exemple: 1L HCl C1=1M + 1L CH3COOH C2=1M Volume total=2Litres; La nouvelle concentration=(C1*V1)/Volume total C1( HCl )=1M ; C2(CH3COOH)=1M

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pH DE MELANGE D’ELECTROLYTES DE MEME NATURE

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  1. pH DE MELANGE D’ELECTROLYTES DE MEME NATURE

  2. La dilution Exemple: 1L HCl C1=1M + 1L CH3COOH C2=1M Volume total=2Litres; La nouvelle concentration=(C1*V1)/Volume total C1(HCl)=1M ; C2(CH3COOH)=1M C1’= (1*1)/2=0,5M ; C2=(1*1)/2=0,5M CONSIDERATIONS ET APPROXIMATIONS • L’effet de l’ion commun = recul d’ionisation Exemple: 1L HCl C1=1M + 1L CH3COOH C2=1M , α=0,33 Après mélange on aura α’ < α=0,33

  3. LES MELANGES D’ACIDES [H3O+] pH=-Log [H3O+]

  4. ACIDE FORT – ACIDE FORT • Approximations et Considérations • La dilution 1) A1H + H2O A1- + H3O+ ; C1’ 2) A2H + H2O A2- + H3O+ ; C2’ 3) H3O+ + -OH 2H2O [H3O+].[-OH]=Ke=10-14 4) BM: [A1-]= C1’ et [A2-]= C2’ 5) BE : [H3O+]Total = [A1-] + [A2-] + [-OH] BM: [A1-]= C1’ et [A2-]= C2’ BE : [H3O+]= [A1-] + [A2-] + [-OH] ([-OH]<< [H3O+]) [H3O+]= [A1-] + [A2-]= C1’ + C2’ pH=-Log(C1’ + C2’)

  5. Calculer le pH de la solution obtenue lors du mélange de volumes égaux de solution d’acide nitrique 8.10-8N et d’acidechlorhydrique10-7N. HNO3 + H2O NO3- + H3O+ (1) ; C1’= 4.10-8 N HCl + H2O Cl- + H3O+ (2) ; C2’= 5.10-8 N En appliquant la formule précédente qui suppose que ([-OH] <<< [H3O+]) pH = -Log (C1’ + C2’) pH = -Log(4.10-8 + 5.10-8 ) = 7,05 un pH basique Résultat absurde puisqu’on obtient alors que le milieu est dans ce cas on ne peut donc négliger les ions –OH; il faut tenir compte de l’équilibre de l’eau. acide BM: [A1-]= C1’ et [A2-]= C2’ BE : [H3O+]= [A1-] + [A2-] + [-OH] [H3O+]= C1’ + C2’ + (Ke/[H3O+]) D’où : [H3O+]2- (C1’+ C2’).[H3O+]- Ke= 0 [H3O+] = +(C1’+ C2’) + √(C1’+ C2’)2 + 4Ke 2 pH= Log2 - Log[(C1’+ C2’) + √(C1’+ C2’)2 + 4Ke]

  6. ACIDE FORT – ACIDE FAIBLE • Considérations et Approximations: • La dilution • L’électrolyte fort sera considéré comme totalement dissocié malgré l’addition d’un électrolyte faible de même nature. • La valeur du coefficient de dissociation α’ de l’électrolyte faible dans le mélange sera donc inférieure à celle obtenue en solution aqueuse simple de même concentration. 1) A1H + H2O A1- + H3O+ ; C1’ 2) A2H + H2O A2- + H3O+ ;C2’ Ka = ([A2-]*[H3O+]Totale)/[A2H] 3) H3O+ + -OH 2H2O [H3O+].[-OH]=Ke=10-14 4) BM: [A1-] = C1’ et [A2-] + [A2H] = C2’ 5) BE : [H3O+]Total = [A1-] + [A2-] + [-OH]

  7. BM: [A1-]= C1’ et [A2-]= C2’.α2’ BE : [H3O+]= [A1-] + [A2-] + [-OH] ([-OH]<< [H3O+]) [H3O+]= [A1-] + [A2-]= C1’ + C2’.α2’ pH =-Log [C1’+C2’.α2’] • C1’>>> C2’.α2’; [H3O+] = C1’ • pH = -Log C1’ (Acide fort) • C2’.α2’>>> C1’; [H3O+] = C2’.α2’ • pH = -Log C2’.α2’(Acide Faible) • ou pH = ½ pKa - ½Log C2’

  8. C2’.α2’ ≈ C1’; [H3O+] = C1’ + C2’.α2’ • pH =-Log [C1’ + C2’.α2’] • Ou : • Ka = ([A2-]*[H3O+]Totale)/[A2H] • [A2-]=[H3O+]- C1’ • [A2H]= C2’ + C1’ - [H3O+] • Ka=([H3O+]2 - C1’. [H3O+])/( C2’ + C1’ - [H3O+]) • [H3O+]2– (C1’-Ka).[H3O+] - Ka.( C2’ + C1’) = 0 • [H3O+]= [(C1’-Ka)+√(C1’-Ka)2 + 4Ka.( C2’ + C1’)]/2 • pH = Log2 - Log[(C1’-Ka)+√(C1’-Ka)2 + 4Ka.( C2’ + C1’)]

  9. ACIDE FAIBLE – ACIDE FAIBLE • Considérations et Approximations: • La dilution • La valeur du coefficient de dissociation α’ de chaque électrolyte faible dans le mélange sera donc inférieure à celle obtenue en solution aqueuse simple de même concentration. 1) A1H + H2O A1- + H3O+ ; C1’ Ka1 = ([A1-]*[H3O+]Total)/[A1H] 2) A2H + H2O A2- + H3O+ ;C2’ Ka2 = ([A2-]*[H3O+]Total)/[A2H] 3) H3O+ + -OH 2H2O [H3O+].[-OH]=Ke=10-14 4) BM : [A1-] + [A1H] = C1’ et [A2-] + [A2H] = C2’ 5) BE : [H3O+]Total = [A1-] + [A2-] + [-OH]

  10. C2’; C1’; α1’; α2’ • B.M : [A1-] = C1’.α1’ [A2-] = C2’.α2’ • B.E : [H3O+]=[A1-] + [A2-] • [H3O+] = C1’.α1’ + C2’.α2’ pH=-Log [C1’.α1’+C2’.α2’] • C2’; C1’; Ka1; Ka2 • [H3O+] =[A1-] + [A2-] • [A1-] = (Ka1*[A1H])/ [H3O+] ; [A2-] = (Ka2*[A2H])/ [H3O+] • C1’≈[A1H] C2’≈[A2H] • [H3O+]=√(Ka1. C1’ + Ka2. C2’) pH=-½Log(Ka1.C1’+Ka2.C2’)

  11. LES MELANGES DE BASES [-OH] pOH=-Log [-OH] pH= 14 - pOH

  12. BASE FORTE – BASE FORTE • Approximations et Considérations • La dilution 1) B1 + H2O B1H+ + -OH ; C1’ 2) B2 + H2O B2H+ + -OH ; C2’ 3) H3O+ + -OH 2H2O [H3O+].[-OH]=Ke=10-14 4) BM: [B1H+] = C1’ et [B2H+] = C2’ 5) BE : [-OH]Total = [B1H+] + [B2H+] + [H3O+] 4) BM: [B1H+] = C1’ et [B2H+] = C2’ 5) BE : [-OH]Total = [B1H+] + [B2H+] + [H3O+] ([-OH]>>> [H3O+] [-OH]Total = [B1H+] + [B2H+] pH=14+Log(C1’+C2’)

  13. [-OH]≈[H3O+] 4) BM: [B1H+] = C1’ et [B2H+] = C2’ BE : [-OH]Total = [B1H+] + [B2H+] + [H3O+] [-OH]Total = [B1H+] + [B2H+] +Ke/ [-OH] D’où : [-OH]2 - (C1’+ C2’).[-OH] - Ke = 0 [-OH] = +(C1’+ C2’) + √(C1’+ C2’)2 + 4Ke 2 pH= 14-Log2+Log[(C1’+C2’)+√(C1’+ C2’)2+4Ke]

  14. BASE FORTE – BASE FAIBLE [-OH]= [B1H+] + [B2H+] = C1’ + C2’.α2’ pH = 14+Log(C1’ + C2’.α2) • C1’>>> C2’.α2’ ; [-OH]= C1’ • pH = 14+Log C1’ (Base forte) • C2’.α2’>>>C1’ ; [-OH]= C2’.α2’ • pH = 14+Log C2’.α2’(Base faible) • ou pH = 14-½ pKb - ½Log C2’ • C2’.α2’ ≈ C1’ ; [-OH]= C1’ + C2’.α2’ • [-OH]= [(C1’-Kb)+√(C1’-Kb)2 + 4Kb.( C2’ + C1’)]/2 • pH = 14-Log2 - Log[(C1’-Kb)+√(C1’-Kb)2 + 4Kb.( C2’ + C1’)]

  15. BASE FAIBLE – BASE FAIBLE • C2’; C1’; α1’; α2’ • B.E : [-OH]= [B1H+] + [B2H+] • [-OH] = C1’.α1’ + C2’.α2’ pH=14+Log [C1’.α1’+C2’.α2’] • C2’; C1’; Ka1; Ka2 • [-OH]= [B1H+] + [B2H+] • [B1H+] = (Kb1*[B1])/ [-OH] ; [B2H+] = (Kb2*[B2])/ [-OH] • C1’≈ [B1] C2’≈[B2] • [-OH]=√(Kb1. C1’ + Kb2. C2’) pH=14-½Log(Kb1.C1’+Kb2.C2’)

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