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The Holy Roman Empire and the Church

The Holy Roman Empire and the Church . Section 8-2 pp. 251-254. Preview Questions. Why did Holy Roman emperors fail to build a unified state in Germany? How did power struggles and rivalry in Italy affect popes and emperors? What powers did the Church have at its height?.

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The Holy Roman Empire and the Church

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  1. The Holy Roman Empire and the Church Section 8-2 pp. 251-254

  2. Preview Questions • Why did Holy Roman emperors fail to build a unified state in Germany? • How did power struggles and rivalry in Italy affect popes and emperors? • What powers did the Church have at its height?

  3. The Holy Roman Empire • In 962, Duke Otto of Saxony became the first Holy Roman Emperor • Holy: Crowned by pope • Roman: Saw selves as successors to Roman Empire

  4. The Holy Roman Empire • Emperors struggled to control their vassals due to the sheer size of the Empire. • German emperors resented the Cluny Reforms • Ended practice of emperors choosing clergy

  5. Conflict Between Popes and Emperors • Pope Gregory VII • Admired and hated by his people • Ended practice of lay investiture • Lay person presents bishops with symbols of their office • Gregory argued that only popes held this power

  6. Conflict Between Popes and Emperors • Emperor Henry IV • Holy Roman Emperor during time of Pope Gregory • Supports lay investiture • Since bishops were vassals, the emperor reserved the right to invest them with the symbols of their office • German princes support Pope Gregory to weaken Henry’s power over them

  7. Conflict Between Popes and Emperors • The Struggle Intensifies • Gregory excommunicates Henry • Creates chaos among power hungry nobles of Holy Roman Empire • Henry forced to seek forgiveness from the pope • Later, Henry uses his army to force Gregory into exile

  8. Conflict Between Popes and Emperors • The Concordat of Worms (1122) • Treaty stating the Church has the sole power to invest bishops with spiritual authority • The Holy Roman Emperor retains the right to invest them with fiefs

  9. The Struggle for Italy • Frederick Barbarossa • Holy Roman Emperor who dreamed of capturing wealthy northern Italy. • Northern Italian cities successfully resisted capture by forming Lombard League with pope • Frederick’s son Henry marries princess of Sicily, creating an alliance between HRE and Italy.

  10. The Struggle for Italy • Frederick II • Clashes repeatedly with several popes • Tried, but failed to capture northern Italy • Effects on Germany and Italy • Germany becomes very fragmented • French attempt to conquer Southern Italy

  11. The Height of Church Power • Pope Innocent III • Symbolizes absolute power of the Church • Clashed with rulers, but usually victorious • John of England received interdict • Philip II of France received interdict • Frederick II lost power • Led a Crusade against the Albigensians in France

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