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Unit 2: The Solar System

Unit 2: The Solar System. Mrs. Williams 8 th Grade. The Big Idea. Planets and a variety of other bodies form a system of objects orbiting the sun. Unit 2 Lesson 1 Historical Models of the Solar System. The Center of the Solar System.

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Unit 2: The Solar System

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  1. Unit 2: The Solar System • Mrs. Williams • 8th Grade

  2. The Big Idea Planets and a variety of other bodies form a system of objects orbiting the sun.

  3. Unit 2 Lesson 1 Historical Models of the Solar System The Center of the Solar System • Solar system - the sun & all of the bodies that orbit the sun. • Heliocentric model – Sun centered, Earth and the other planets orbit the sun. • Geocentric model – Earth centered, the sun, moon and planets circling the Earth

  4. Unit 2 Lesson 1 Historical Models of the Solar System In the beginning… Aristotle (384-322 BCE)-believed in a geocentric model, part of his logic was that we could feel no motion on Earth, so Earth couldn’t be moving. He thought we should detect a shift in position between nearby stars and far away ones. Parallax- apparent shift in the position of an object wen viewed from different locations.

  5. Unit 2 Lesson 1 Historical Models of the Solar System • Aristarchus (about 320 230 BCE)- proposed a heliocentric model, his attempts to measure relative distances to moon & sun have been major contribution to science http://www.astro.cornell.edu/academics/courses/astro2201/aristarchus.htm

  6. Ptolemy- (100-170 CE) believed in a geocentric model. His model was used for 14 centuries. Planets moved on small circles that in turn moved on larger circles (“wheels-on-wheels”) Allowed people to predict the motions of planets years into the future. Unit 2 Lesson 1 Historical Models of the Solar System

  7. Unit 2 Lesson 1 Historical Models of the Solar System Copernicus- (1473-1543) believed in a heliocentric model with perfect circles Kepler- (1571-1630) Realized that planetary orbits were not circular but were more like ellipses.

  8. Unit 2 Lesson 1 Historical Models of the Solar System Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) • Improved the telescope in 1609 • Observed Jupiter’s moons, Io, Europa, Callisto, and Ganymede which gave support of heliocentric model • Observed Venus’s phases

  9. Unit 2 Lesson 2 Gravity & the Solar System • Gravity- force of attraction between objects that is due to their masses & the distances between them. • Every object in the universe pulls on every other object. • Orbit - path that a body follows as it travels around another body in space. http://kissedgoodbye.blogspot.com/2012/01/gravity.html

  10. Unit 2 Lesson 2 Gravity & the Solar System Kepler’s Three Laws Planetary orbits are ellipses with the sun at one focus Aphelion- where the object is farthest from the sun. Perihelion- where the object is closest to the sun. Planets move faster in their orbits when they are closer to the sun. Distance of a planet from the sun to the time the planet takes to go once around its orbit.

  11. Unit 2 Lesson 2 Gravity & the Solar System Law of Gravitational Force Law of universal gravitation-states that all objects in the universe attract each other through gravitational force. Centripetal force-inward force that causes an object to move in a circular path. • When planets orbit the sun, a force similar to centripetal force prevents them from moving out of their orbits and into a straight line. • The sun’s gravity is the force that keeps the planets moving in orbit around the sun. http://www2.nido.cl/~science/ksupplee/Mechanics/circular%20motion/uniform%20circular%20motion.html http://www.teachersdomain.org/resource/phy03.sci.phys.mfw.roller/

  12. How the Solar System Formed Theory Solar Nebula - inward pull of gravity is balanced by the outward push of gas pressure in the cloud (perhaps the explosion of a nearby star) Planetesimals -Collisions between these bodies formed larger bodies from which planets formed

  13. Unit 2 Lesson 3 The Sun Here Comes the Sun Corona-outer atmosphere of the sun (up to 2,000,000 ˚C) Chromosphere-middle layer of sun’s atmosphere (6,000 ˚C) Photosphere- visible surface of the sun. Energy escapes into space (5,527 ˚C)

  14. Unit 2 Lesson 3 The Sun Convective Zone – energy travels by convection from the radiative zone to the photosphere RadiativeZone - energy is transferred away from the core by radiation. Core – very dense center of sun. Temperature of 15,000,000 ˚ C, where nuclear fusion occurs.

  15. Unit 2 Lesson 3 The Sun Solar Activity • Sunspots-dark areas that form on the surface of the sun. • Solar flare – an explosive release of energy • that can extend outward as far as the sun’s • outer atmosphere • Prominence- huge loops of relatively cool • gas that extend outward from the • photosphere

  16. Unit 2 Lesson 3 The Sun Nuclear Fusion - process by which two or more low-mass atomic nuclei fuse to form another, heavier nucleus. Three Steps of Nuclear Fusion in the Sun • Deuterium - 2 H+ collide (1 P, 1 N- a heavy hydrogen) • Helium-3 – deuterium combines w/ another H+(more energy/ gamma rays released) • Helium-4 – 2 He-3 nuclei combine to form He-4 (more energy/pair of H+ released) turn to pgs 78-79

  17. http://www.physics.arizona.edu/~thews/reu/the_science_behind_it_all.htmlhttp://www.physics.arizona.edu/~thews/reu/the_science_behind_it_all.html Unit 2 Lesson 3 The Sun Mixing It Up • By Radiation – energy leaves the core in the form of electromagnetic waves • By Convection – energy (heat) is transferred by the circulation or movement of matter http://outreach.atnf.csiro.au/education/senior/astrophysics/stellarevolution_mainsequence.html

  18. Unit 2 Lesson 4 The Terrestrial Planets Extreme to the Core • Terrestrial planets- the four small, dense, rocky planets that orbit closest to the sun • astronomical unit (AU)- average distance between the sun & Earth, or approximately 150 million km. http://physics.uoregon.edu/~jimbrau/astr121/Notes/Chapter6.html

  19. Unit 2 Lesson 4 The Terrestrial Planets Mercury • Period of Rotation-last almost 59 Earth days • Period of revolution-88 days • Temps range from -184˚C to 427˚C • Smallest planet with craters • Venus • Retrograde rotation (clockwise) • Rotation- 243 Earth days • Revolution- 225 days • Temp- 465 ˚C; CO2 traps the sun’s energy • Thousands of volcanoes & craters • Sulfuric acid rain http://www.bobthealien.co.uk/venus.htm

  20. Unit 2 Lesson 4 The Terrestrial Planets Earth • Mars • Rotation- 24 h 37 min • Revolution- 1.88 Earth years • Olympus Mons- largest volcano/mtn in solar system • VallesMarineris– longest canyon in solar system • Thin CO2 atmosphere • Only planet that supports life • Liquid water, energy soursce • Atmosphere contains O2 • Only planet divided into tectonic plates http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover

  21. Unit 2 Lesson 5 The Gas Giant Planets A Giant Among Giants! • Gas giants have deep, massive gas atmospheres, made up mostly of hydrogen & helium. No surface to stand on. Large and cold. http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/G/gasgiant.html

  22. Unit 2 Lesson 5 The Gas Giant Planets Jupiter • Saturn • Rotation- 10 h 39 min • Revolution- 29.5 years • Planetary ring system • Made of H+ & He • 60 moons • Enceladus • Titan • Rotates fastest – 9 h 55 min • Revolution– 11.86 Earth years • Great Red Spot • 63 moons • Io • Europa • Callisto • Ganymede http://www.gearthblog.com/blog/archives/2006/04/google_jupiter.html

  23. Unit 2 Lesson 5 The Gas Giant Planets Uranus • Neptune • Rotation-16 h 7 min • Revolution- 164.8 years • H+/He and methane • Great dark spot • 13 moons • Triton-orbits opposite • Rotation- 17 h 24 min • Revolution-84 years • Made of H+ & He • Atmosphere of methane • Tilted on its side as it orbits the sun • 27 moons • Miranda http://www.bobthealien.co.uk/neptune.htm

  24. Small Bodies in the Solar System • dwarf planets- celestial body that orbits the sun, is round because of its own gravity. • Ceres (between Mars & Jupiter) • Pluto • Haumea • Makemake • Eris

  25. Kuiper Belt- orbits just beyond Neptune • Kuiper belt object (KBO) -any of the minor bodies in the Kuiper belt. They are made of methane ice, ammonia ice, and water ice.

  26. Comets • Comet -small body of ice, rock, & dust that follows a highly elliptical orbit around the sun. • Oort cloud - spherical region tht surrounds the solar system http://janus.astro.umd.edu/front/pages/links/Comets2.html

  27. On the Rocks • Asteroid – small, irregularly shaped, rocky object that orbits the sun. • Most located in the asteroid belt between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter • Some are rich in carbon, others rocky with cores or iron and nickel

  28. Burned Out • Meteoroid -rocky body, ranging in size from that of a sand grain to that of a boulder, which travels through space. • Meteor -bright streak of light that results when a meteoroid burns up in Earth’s atmosphere. • Meteorite - a meteoroid that reaches Earth’s surface without burning up.

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