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SENSATION AND PERCEPTION

SENSATION AND PERCEPTION. KEY POINTS. Distinguish between sensation and perception Psychophysics: absolute threshold and difference threshold Identify each major sensory system, their receptors, and type of sensory information each receives

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SENSATION AND PERCEPTION

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  1. SENSATION AND PERCEPTION

  2. KEY POINTS • Distinguish between sensation and perception • Psychophysics: absolute threshold and difference threshold • Identify each major sensory system, their receptors, and type of sensory information each receives • Perception: selection, organization and interpretation

  3. Sensation • Input of sensory information • Process of receiving, converting, and transmitting information from the outside world

  4. Sensory Systems • Vision • Hearing • Smell (olfaction) • Taste (gustation) • Vestibular sense (balance) • Kinethesis (body movement) • Touch (pressure, pain, temperature)

  5. Vision • Visual receptor cells located on retina:rods for night vision and cones for color vision • The eye captures light and focuses it on the visual receptors, which convert light energy to neural impulses sent to the brain

  6. Hearing • Audition (hearing) occurs via sound waves, which result from rapid changes in air pressure caused by vibrating objects • Receptors located in the inner ear (cochlea) tiny hair cells that convert sound energy to neural impulses sent along to brain

  7. Smell and Taste • Olfaction (smell) receptors are located at top of nasal cavity • Gustation - (taste) receptors are taste buds on tongue. Four basic tastes: sweet, salty, sour and bitter

  8. Body Senses • Vestibular sense (sense of balance) results from receptors in inner ear • Kinethesis - (body posture, orientation, and body movement) results from receptors in muscles, joint and tendons • Skin senses detect touch (pressure, temperature and pain)

  9. Processing • Sensory reduction - filtering and analyzing of sensations before messages are sent to the brain • Transduction - process of converting receptor energy into neural impulses the brain can understand • Adaptation- decreased sensory response to continuous stimuli

  10. Psychophysics • Study of the relationship between the physical properties of stimuli and a person’s experience of them • Absolute threshold - minimum amount of energy we can detect • Difference threshold - (jnd) the smallest change in a stimulus we can detect

  11. Perception • “…a constructive process by which we go beyond the stimuli that are presented to us and attempt to construct a meaningful situation”.

  12. Perceptual Processing • Top-down: perception is guided by higher-level knowledge, experience, expectations, and motivations • Bottom-up: perception that consists of recognizing and processing information about the individual components of the stimuli

  13. Perception-Key Concepts • Selection • Organization • Interpretation • Subliminal perception and ESP

  14. 1. Three Major Factors of Selection • Selective attention • Feature detectors • Habituation

  15. 2. Organization • Form (Gestalt) • Constancy(size, shape, color, brightness) • Depth • Color

  16. Gestalt Principles • Rules that summarize how we tend to organize bits and pieces of information into meaningful wholes

  17. Gestalt Psychology: Form • figure ground • proximity • closure • contiguity • similarity

  18. Constancy • Size constancy • Shape constancy • Color constancy • Brightness constancy

  19. 3. Four Major Factors of Interpretation • Perceptual adaptation • Perceptual set • Individual motivation • Frame of reference

  20. Subliminal Perception • Stimuli that occur below the threshold of our conscious awareness but have a weak, if any effect on behavior

  21. 4. Extrasensory Perception (ESP) • Alleged perception in the absence of sensory data • Types of ESP - telepathy, precognition, clairvoyance, and psychokinesis

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