American Piledriving Equipment

1. American Piledriving Equipment APE Basic Hydraulic Training Developed By Western Dynamics, LLC & John White, President, APE

2. APE Hydraulics Understanding some basic hydraulic knowledge and providing examples when working with APE equipment is the goal of this training program.

3. As You Go Through This Course • Do not simply look at the pictures, but study them, for each picture tells you something about hydraulics. Read the notes with each picture carefully. • At the end of this course we will ask some questions to see if you have increased your understanding of hydraulics.

4. In The Beginning… In the 17th century Pascal developed the law of confined fluids. Pascal’s Law, simply stated, says: “Pressure applied on a confined fluid is transmitted undiminished in all directions, and acts with equal force on equal areas, and at right angles to them”.

5. Pascal’s Law • The bottle is filled with a liquid, which is not compressible, for example, hydraulic oil. • A 10 lb. force applied to a stopper with a surface area of one square inch. • Results in 10 lb. of force on every square inch (pressure) of the container wall. • If the bottom has an area of 20 square inches and each square inch is pushed on by the 10 lb. of force, the entire bottom receives a 200 lb. push. • 10 lbs. x 20 sq. in.= 200 “Pressure applied on a confined fluid is transmitted undiminished in all directions, and acts with equal force on equal areas, and at right angles to them”.

6. Table Of Contents Chapters • Introduction Hydraulics • Basic Symbols of Hydraulics • Hydraulic Fluids • Plumbing and Seals • Reservoirs • Hydraulic contamination • Actuators • Hydraulic Pumps / Motors • Directional valves • Pressure controls • Flow Controls • Accessories • Hydraulic Circuits

7. Chapter 1 Introduction To Hydraulics

8. Pascal’s Law: A Closer Look

9. Pascal’s Law Explained Using A Fulcrum

10. Explaining Piston Displacement

11. Force Force.The relationship of force, pressure, and area is as follows: F = PA where- F = force, in pounds P = pressure, in psi A = area, in square inches Example: Figure 1-6 shows a pressure of 50 psi being applied to an area of 100 square inches. The total force on the area is- F = PA F = 50 x 100 = 5,000 pounds

12. Solving For Pressure F = PA solves for Force. Shifting the same equation will allow you to solve for Force or Pressure. P = Solves for Pressure F A F = Force P = Pressure A = Area in sq. inches F = PA Solves Force P = F/A Solves Pressure A= F/P Solves Area Cylinder R O D piston

13. How Many Cubic Inches Of Oil Is In One Gallon? 231 cubic inches

14. How Hydraulics Performs Work Using A Linear Actuator (Cylinder)

15. How Hydraulics Works To Rotate A Motor Motor is turned by oil from pump. Pump is turned by diesel engine. Once oil has turned motor, it returns to the reservoir via the return line.

16. Understanding Gallons Per Minute (GPM)

17. How Flow Restriction Effects Speed Or Distance

18. How A Directional Valve Works

19. The Directional Valve Switches The Oil Direction Red color means pressure

20. What A Relief Valve Does

21. A Pump Doing Work

22. Work Even When Seals Leak Slightly

23. Calculating Speed Per Minute Based On Flow Per Minute

24. Calculating Speed

25. Understanding Unrestricted Flow And Why There Is No Pressure Build Up This is like our drive manifold when the vibro is not running. The oil goes through the valve and dumps right back to the tank without building any pressure.

26. Understanding Pressure And Where It Comes From

27. Reading The Relief Valve Setting

28. Oil Goes To The Path Of Least Resistance Ball Check with spring Stronger Spring Strongest Spring

29. Path Of Least Resistance

30. Understanding What Your Are Reading On The Pressure Gauge

31. Understanding Atmospheric Pressure

32. Oil Has Weight

33. Weight of Fluid

34. Weight of Air

35. Using The Weight Of Oil To Help Feed A Pump

36. Lifting Oil

37. Air Intake From Loose Connections Charged from oil above Vacuum required to feed pump The drawing on the left provides some charged pressure, while the drawing on the right requires vacuum. In either case, if there is any leaks on the suction hose leading to the pump, the leak could draw air into the system. Air in the system can cause pump failure due to cavitation (air in system).

38. When There Is No Movement Of Oil Then The Pressure Is The Same

39. How Pressure Is Lost Through An Orifice

40. Larger Orifices Steal Less Pressure Or Work

41. Flow Blocked, Pressure Equalized!

42. A Review Of Flow

43. Fast Moving Oil May Become Turbulent

44. Slow Moving Oil

45. Chapter 2 Basic Symbols of Hydraulics

46. Basic Symbols: Lines

47. Circle, Semi-Circle

48. Square, Rectangle, Diamond Square, Rectangle squares  - control components Diamond diamond – Condition apparatus (filter, separator, lubricator, heat exchanger

49. Miscellaneous Symbols Spring Restriction Restriction

50. Pump Symbols Fixed Displacement Hydraulic Pump-unidirectional (pumps only when rotated in one direction. Will not pump if turned backwards) Variable Displacement Hydraulic Pump-bidirectional (pumps when rotated in both forward and reverse rotation)