Launching a New Ship of State

1. Launching a New Ship of State Chapter 10

2. Essential Question? • What challenges did the US face under the Washington and Adams (Sr.) administrations?

3. 1789: Constitution formally goes into effect Washington elected president 1790: 1st Census 1791: Bill of Rights adopted Vermont becomes 14th state Bank of US created 1792: Washington reelected Political parties created 1793: Washington’s Neutrality Act 1794: Whiskey Rebellion Battle of Fallen Timbers Jay’s Treaty 1795: Pinckney’s Treaty 1796: Washington’s Farewell address Washington’s Timeline

4. Growing Pains • Constitution goes into effect 1789 • George Washington inaugurated 1789 • 1stCensus: 1790 • 90% Rural • New states: Vermont (1791), Kentucky (1792), Tennessee (1796), Ohio (1803) • Western states separated by Appalachian Mountains

5. Washington for President • Only president to be unanimously elected • Strong character, deeply respected • 1st capital: New York, NY • Created cabinet (not mentioned in Constitution); executive department heads • State Department = Thomas Jefferson • Treasury Dept. = Alexander Hamilton • War Department = Henry Knox

6. Presidential Cabinet Secretary of State Secretary of the Treasury Secretary of War Thomas Jefferson Alexander Hamilton Henry Knox STATE TREASURY WAR

7. States ratified the Constitution believing a Bill of Rights would be added James Madison drafted 12 amendments, only 10 were ratified Judiciary Act of 1789* Bill of Rights 1st: Freedom of speech, assembly, press, religion, and petition 2nd: Bear arms 3rd: No quartering 4th: Prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures The Bill of Rights

8. Hamilton Revives the Corpse of Public Credit • Alexander Hamilton wanted greatness • Treasury in debt to France for help during Revolution ($54 million) • Convinced Congress to “assume” the debts of the states ($21 million) • Hoped to “chain” the states to the federal government • Virginia was not in debt, agreed when new capital (DC) would be located near Virginia

9. Customs Duties and Excise Taxes • Hamilton believed that a national debt forced those who we owed $ to support the federal government (how would they get their $ unless we succeeded as a nation?) • Sources of revenue: tariffs, excise tax on whiskey • Whiskey comes from corn; liquid easier to transport than solid

10. Hamilton Battles Jefferson for a Bank • Hamilton wanted a strong central bank • Stimulate domestic businesses • Provide paper currency • Jefferson opposed, believed that the Constitution granted states banking power • 1st sign of “strict” v. “loose” interpretation of the Constitution • Hamilton won, Bank of US chartered, 1791

11. Mutinous Moonshiners in Pennsylvania • The excise tax on whiskey was not welcomed by western farmers • In Pennsylvania, farmers started the Whiskey Rebellion • President Washington raised a militia to quash rebellion • Proved that the federal government could back up its laws

12. The Emergence of Political Parties • Hamilton v. Jefferson feud fueled first political parties • Hamilton’s followers believed in a strong central government and a loose interpretation of the Constitution (Federalists) • Jefferson’s followers believed in strong states’ rights and a strict interpretation of the Constitution (Democratic-Republicans)

13. The Impact of the French Revolution • Began as an effort to create a constitutional monarchy in France • Inspired by the US Revolution and Constitution • French King Louis XVI was beheaded along with other aristocrats • Federalists, whom were mostly aristocrats, feared a similar fate in the US

14. Washington’s Neutrality Proclamation • United Kingdom soon declares war on France • Democrats favored allying with France • Washington, knowing that our young nation was weak, wisely stayed away from the war • Neutrality Proclamation of 1793

15. Embroilments with Britain • UK controlled forts in modern day Midwest • UK supplied weapons to Indian Nations lead by Little Turtle, who attacked Americans on the frontier • 1794 US General “Mad Anthony” Wayne defeated Little Turtle at the Battle of Fallen Timbers and signed a peace treaty • UK’s navy impressed hundreds of US sailors

16. Washington sent Chief Justice Marshall to the UK to negotiate. Jay’s Treaty: UK pays damages for seized ships, US agreed to pay revolutionary war debts. Republicans unhappy because southerners would have to pay the brunt of the debt Pinckney’s Treaty: with Spain gave Americans rights to navigate the Mississippi River and gave the US territory in modern Alabama and MS Washington set a tradition by not seeking a third term. Warned against “alliances” in his farewell address Jay’s Treaty and Washington’s Farewell

17. John Adams Becomes President • Federalists knew Hamilton was unpopular, so they ran Vice President John Adams • Republicans supported Thomas Jefferson • 1796 elections: Adams = 71, Jefferson = 68 • Adams was a master statesman, but not very good with the public. Hamilton worked behind the scenes to sabotage Adams’ administration.

18. 1796 Election Results

19. Adams’ Timeline • 1797: Adams becomes president • XYZ Affair • 1798: Alien and Sedition Acts • 1798/99: Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions • 1798: Undeclared war with France • 1800: Peace with France

20. France saw Jay’s Treaty as an alliance with UK France seized US ships Adams sent a negotiating team to France, but 3 Frenchmen, known only as X, Y, and Z, demanded a bribe of $250,000 just to negotiate (XYZ Affair) US expanded military, prepared for war with France. US and France fought limited battles at sea Unofficial Fighting with France

21. Adams Puts Patriotism Above Party • Adams wisely avoids full war • By now France was controlled by Napoleon, who offered to hold honest peace negotiations • The Convention of 1800 saw France pay the US for damages and officially ended the Franco-American alliance created during the US Revolution • Set the stage for the Louisiana Purchase

22. Federalists, fearing the Republican Party, passed the Alien Act (increased the length of time required for an immigrant to become a citizen; most immigrants became Republicans) Never enforced Sedition Acts: limited freedoms of speech and press (targeted Republicans who spoke out against Adams) Many were thrown into jail The Alien and Sedition Acts targeted pro-French supporters (IE: Democrats) The Federalist Witch Hunt

23. The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions • Jefferson and Madison authored these state laws in 1799. • Established the idea of nullification: if a state believes a federal law to be unconstitutional, then it refuses to follow it. • Extreme states’ rights view • Laid groundwork for Civil War (Secession)

24. Federalists V. Democratic-Republicans • Federalist preferred power to remain in the hands of the elite • Preferred a strong federal government • Led by Alexander Hamilton • Democratic-Republicans preferred to allow commoners to have a say in government • Preferred a weak federal government, strong state governments • Led by Thomas Jefferson

25. Rule by elite Hostile to extension of democracy Powerful federal gov. Loose interpretation of the Constitution Protective tariff Pro-UK National debt = good Rule by informed masses Friendliness toward extension of democracy Weak federal gov., strong state gov. Strict interpretation of the Constitution Pro-French Federalist v. Democratic-Republicans

26. Essential Question? • What challenges did the US face under the Washington and Adams (Sr.) administrations?