Safeguarding Updates October 2015 Child Sexual Exploitation

1. Safeguarding Updates October 2015 Child Sexual Exploitation Radicalisation & Preventing Violent Extremism Female Genital Mutilation Domestic Abuse Forced Marriage Staff should also be aware of Keeping Children Safe in Education, July 2015 & Safer Working Practice – Workplace Conduct

2. Child Sexual Exploitation

3. What is child sexual exploitation? The Children’s Society describes sexual exploitation as:  “Someone taking sexual advantage of you, for their own benefit. Through threats, bribes, violence, humiliation, or by telling you that they love you, they get you to do sexual things for their own, or other people’s benefit or enjoyment (including: touching or kissing private parts, sex, taking sexual photos).”

4. Child Sexual Exploitation (CSE) • The nationally agreed definition of CSE is: • Sexual exploitation of children and young people under 18 involves exploitative situations, contexts and relationships where the young person (or third person/s) receive ‘something’ (e.g. food, accommodation, drugs, alcohol, cigarettes, affection, gifts, money) as a result of them performing, and/or others performing on them, sexual activities. • Child sexual exploitation can occur through the use of technology without the child’s immediate recognition; for example being persuaded to post images on the internet/mobile phones without immediate payment or gain. • Violence, coercion and intimidation are common. Involvement in exploitative relationships is characterised by the child’s or young person’s limited availability of choice, as a result of their social, economic or emotional vulnerability. • A common feature of CSE is that the child or young person does not recognise the coercive nature of the relationship and does not see themselves as a victim of exploitation.

5. Distinction between CSE and sexual abuse? Child Sexual Exploitation is a form of sexual abuse, but is defined specifically to ensure that action is taken to effectively protect children and young people from this form of abuse. Child Sexual Exploitation is usually: • Extra-familial • Involves a third party • Involves the exchange of goods or money • Organised

6. What things should school staff be vigilant for? When a young person is being sexually exploited they may exhibit a range of types of behaviour or warning signs that might indicate that they’re a victim or at risk of child sexual exploitation. Sexual Clothing – inappropriate for age borrowing clothing from others Reports that the child has been seen in places known to be used for sexual exploitation Sexually transmitted infections / pregnancy / seeking an abortion Sexually risky behaviour Sexual / unexplained relationships with older people History of abuse or neglect Domestic violence / parental difficulties Appearance and Behaviour Physical symptoms (bruising suggestive of either physical or sexual assault) Evidence of drug, alcohol or substance misuse Volatile behaviour / mood swings / use of abusive language Truancy/disengagement with education or change in performance at school Low self-image, low self-esteem, self-harming behaviour, e.g. cutting, overdosing, eating disorder, promiscuity Physical aggression towards others Change in appearance / always tired

7. Missing / Homelessness Truancy Placement breakdown. Persistently missing, staying out overnight or returning late Returning after having been missing, looking well cared for in spite of having no known home base Missing for long periods, with no known home base Going missing and being found in areas where the child or young person has no known links Financial Petty crime e.g. shoplifting, stealing. Having keys to other premises Expensive clothes, mobile phones or other possessions without explanation Accounts of social activities requiring money Possession of large amounts of money with no plausible explanation Relationships Entering or leaving vehicles driven by unknown adults Hostility in relationship with parents/carers and other family members Reports to suggest the likelihood of involvement in sexual exploitation (eg from friends or family) Associating with other young people who are known to be sexually exploited Inappropriate use of Internet – & forming relationships, with adults Phone calls, text messages or letters from unknown adults Adults or older youths loitering outside the child’s usual place of residence

8. Please remember that boys can be victims too. Different GenderSame Risk

9. Sexting An issue of growing concern for young people is sexting. Sextingis the term used to describe the sending of sexually suggestive or explicit messages or photographs, often via mobile phone and frequently these are self generated images. While normally consensual in the first instance, sadly many images end up widely circulated or posted online. The originator can quickly loose control of the images, the consequences can be embarrassing, and potentially devastating and may form part of that young persons digital footprint. Recent UK research has shown that while young people are increasingly savvy at protecting themselves from so called ‘stranger danger’ they are having to face a new problem of ‘peer to peer’ approaches with boys (in particular) constantly demanding sexual images. Sexting from peers worries young people more than stranger danger.  There can also be serious legal consequences of sexting for young people: it is against the law to create, transmit or possess a sexual image of a minor. Some young people are therefore committing a crime through their actions, perhaps without knowing. Grooming It is also important to be aware of the potential links between sexting and more serious issues. Perpetrators may use self generated images in order to blackmail victims into providing more harmful images of themselves and others or to coerce them into other behaviours .

10. Radicalisation & Preventing Violent Extremism

11. Radicalisation & Preventing Violent Extremism From 1 July 2015 all schools, registered early years childcare providers and registered later years childcare providers are subject to a duty under section 26 of the Counter-Terrorism and Security Act 2015, in the exercise of their functions, to have “due regard to the need to prevent people from being drawn into terrorism”. This duty is known as the Prevent duty. (See DfE advice booklet)

12. Radicalisation & Preventing Violent Extremism Violent Extremism is defined by the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) as: "The demonstration of unacceptable behaviour by using any means or medium to express views, which: - Encourage, justify or glorify terrorist violence in furtherance of particular beliefs; - Seek to provoke others to terrorist acts; - Encourage other serious criminal activity or seek to provoke others to serious criminal acts; - Foster hatred which might lead to inter-community violence in the UK."

13. Radicalisation & Preventing Violent Extremism In order for schools and childcare providers to fulfil the Prevent duty, it is essential that staff are able to identify children who may be vulnerable to radicalisation, and know what to do when they are identified. Protecting children from the risk of radicalisation should be seen as part of schools’ and childcare providers’ wider safeguarding duties, and is similar in nature to protecting children from other harms (e.g. neglect, sexual exploitation, drugs), whether these come from within their family or are the product of outside influences.

14. Protecting children at risk of radicalisation • •Children and young people can suffer harm when exposed to extremist ideology • • This harm can range from a child adopting or complying with extreme views which limit their social interaction and full engagement with their education, to children being groomed for involvement in violent attacks • Children can by exposed to harmful, extremist ideology in the immediate or extended family, or relatives/family friends who live outside the family home but have influence over the child’s life. Older children or young people might self-radicalise over the internet or through the influence of their peer network – in this instance their parents might not know about this or feel powerless to stop their child’s radicalisation • In Stockport reported incidents of radicalisation or violent extremism are often of far right extremists (EDL, Stockport Infidels, Stockport Angels, Stockport Youth EDL) as well as Islamic State, IRA, Al Qa’ida • Referrals in Stockport last year included two Y6 children

15. There is no single identity of an extremist. An extremist can be of any age, gender, race, colour, ethnicity. • There is no such thing as a 'typical extremist' and those involved in extremism come from a range of backgrounds and experiences • Most individuals, even those who hold radical views, do not become involved in violent extremism • Numerous factors can contribute to and influence the range of behaviours that are defined as violent extremism. It is important to consider these factors in order to develop an understanding of the issue. It is also necessary to understand those factors that build resilience and protect individuals from engaging in violent extremist activity

16. What things should school staff be vigilant for? Possible indicators • Physical/Circumstantial indicators • Tattoos, marks, tags, graffiti etc. • Use of the internet • Change of routine • Change in friendship groups • Absence • Changing appearance- dressing a certain way or failing to care for appearance etc. • Verbal indicators • Fixated on a subject • Closed to new ideas or conversations • Change in language/use of words • Asking inappropriate questions • “scripted speech” • Saying inappropriate things- a call to action, racist language etc. • Emotional indicators • Short tempered • Angry • New found arrogance • Withdrawn • Depressed • Crying

17. Female Genital Mutilation (FGM)

18. What is FGM? Definition - All procedures which involve the partial or total removal of the external genitalia or injury to the female genital organs whether for cultural or any other non-therapeutic reasons (The World Health Organisation? Types of FGM • Type 1 - removal of the clitoral hood with or without the removal of the clitoris • Type 2 - removal of the clitoris and partial or total removal of the vaginal lips • Type 3 - removal of the clitoris, vaginal lips and the stitching of the vagina, leaving a 1-2cm opening • Type 4 - piercing the clitoris, cauterisation, cutting the vagina, inserting corrosive substances

19. What is FGM? FGM is a serious crime and can be fatal It can occur at any stage in a female’s life: • At birth • As a baby or toddler • At school age • As a teenager • On marriage • During pregnancy Different communities have different words for FGM. Frequently FGM is described as cutting however the terms used vary greatly- information is available on the World Health Organisation website.

20. Who is at risk & how is FGM carried out? • 2 million girls around the world every year are subjected to FGM • The practice mainly occurs in African and Middle Eastern countries however….. There is a presence of FGM in communities across Europe, America and Australia • It is estimated that as many as 20,000 girls are at risk of FGM within the UK every year • Any girl is at risk – usually between 4-15 • Varies from community to community but generally carried out by an elder woman in the community using blunt instruments, such as scissors and knives, without anaesthetic and often without sterilisation • UK girls are sometimes taken on “holiday” and talk about attending a ceremony or becoming a woman • Communities in the UK are believed to have their own practitioners here • Some medical professionals are understood to carryout the practice and may use anaesthetic

21. What things should school staff be vigilant for? Indications that FGM may be about to take place….. • The family come from a community that is known to practise FGM • Parents state they will take the child out of the country for a prolonged period • A child may talk about a long holiday to a country where the practice is prevalent • A child may confide that she is to have a “special procedure” or celebration • The school summer holidays (and the weeks before the summer holidays) are a time when it is known that girls are taken out of the country to undergo FGM • However vigilance is needed throughout the year

22. What things should school staff be vigilant for? Indications that FGM may have already taken place….. • A child may spend long periods of time away from the classroom during the day with bladder or menstrual problems • Prolonged absences from school plus a noticeable behaviour change • The child requiring to be excused from physical exercise without the support of their GP • There were 2 confirmed cases of FGM in Stockport in 2014 but expect this figure to rise as increased awareness and reporting.

23. Domestic Abuse

24. Definition (March 2013) “Any incident or pattern of incidents of controlling, coercive or threatening behaviour, violence or abuse between those aged 16 or over who are or have been intimate partners or family members regardless of gender or sexuality. This can encompass but is not limited to the following types of abuse: - psychological- physical- sexual- financial- emotional • Controlling behaviour is a range of acts designed to make a person subordinate and/or dependent by isolating them from sources of support, exploiting their resources and capacities for personal gain, depriving them of the means needed for independence, resistance and escape and regulating their everyday behaviour • Coercive behaviour is an act or a pattern of acts of assault, threats humiliation and intimidation or other abuse that is used to harm, punish or frighten their victim • In Stockport over last couple of years there have been 5 domestic homicides, 3 of which were male victims. There was also the death of a member of staff at a school who had been telling colleagues about being a victim of domestic abuse.

26. Domestic Abuse and Males • Men were victims of just over a quarter of incidents of domestic violence in 2010, according to the British Crime Survey. Anybody can be affected by domestic abuse, and anyone can be an abuser. It doesn't just happen to women – men and young men can be victims too, whether their partner is a male or a female. 

27. MARAC Multi- Agency Risk Assessment Conference • Specific to adults at risk of homicide or significant harm • Attended by key agencies from Safer Stockport Partnership. Schools may be asked to attend • Considers existing plans and additional supports • Links closely to child protection plans • Aims - To share information and plan support to increase the safety, health and well being of victims – adults and their children

28. Forced Marriage

29. Definitions • In arranged marriages the families of both spouses take a leading role in arranging the marriage but the choice whether or not to accept the arrangement remains with the young people. • The tradition of arranged marriage has operated successfully within many communities and many countries for a long time • In forced marriages one or both spouses do not consent to the marriage and some element of duress is involved. • Duress includes both physical and emotional pressure Legislation – Human Rights Forced marriage is a violation of internationally recognised human rights standards. Marriage shall be entered into only with the free and full consent of the intending spouses There is no typical victim of forced marriage. • Some may be under 18yrs (In Stockport this Summer it is believed that a 6 year old girl was victim of forced marriage.) • Some may be disabled or have a learning disability • Some may be spouses from overseas

30. What things should school staff be vigilant for? Possible Warning Signs • Education • Truancy • Decline in performance • and punctuality • Low motivation at school • Poor exam results • Being withdrawn from • school by those with parental • responsibility • Not allowed to attend • extra-curricular activities • Health • Self harm • Attempted suicide • Eating disorders • Depression • Isolation • Substance misuse “I hate holidays because I can’t go out, so I can’t see my friends.”

31. What to do if you have any concerns about a child? Any safeguarding concern must be reported to Jayne Mullane (Designated Safeguarding Lead) using a Note of Concern. In Jayne’s absence report concerns to Claire Chilvers (Deputy Designated Safeguarding Lead) in the same way. Thank You