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een fysicus over de kosmos, de aarde en het leven

een fysicus over de kosmos, de aarde en het leven. Dr. Ard Louis Department of Physics University of Oxford www.cis.org.uk www.faraday-institute.org www.cpgrad.org.uk. Botsende culturen?. Christelijke subculturen Wetenschapelijke subculteren cultuur ligt vaak onder de oppervlakte.

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een fysicus over de kosmos, de aarde en het leven

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  1. een fysicus over de kosmos, de aarde en het leven Dr. Ard Louis Department of Physics University of Oxford www.cis.org.uk www.faraday-institute.org www.cpgrad.org.uk

  2. Botsende culturen? • Christelijke subculturen • Wetenschapelijke subculteren • cultuur ligt vaak onder de oppervlakte Woorden Gewoonten Tradities Gedrag Geloof Waarden Aanamen Mijn argument: Much of the tension between “evolution” and “faith” is due to unrecognized “cultural assumptions”

  3. Beginnen met de Bijbel • Bijbel aan de grondslag van mijn leven • Ik ben classiek evangelisch/charismatisch in mijn Bijbel interpretatie en praxis • Wetenschap heeft een dienende relatie, geen gezag – kan b.v. helpen met interpretatie • Henri Blocher “In the Beginning” IVP (1984) p 25 • Nooit ons wereldbeeld boven de Bijbel • B.v. Copernicus/Galileo en Aristoteles

  4. Culturele verschillen: • Metaphoren zijn belangrijk • Toeval etc… • Antropomorphisatie (survival of the fittest) • Waarom een groot verschil tussen Christelijke profesioneele wetenschappers en leken? • Wetenschappelijk “bewijs” met tapijt argumenten

  5. Biologische self-assembly http://www.npn.jst.go.jp/Keiichi Namba, Osaka • Biologische systemen self-assemble (ze vormen zichzelf) • Kunnen we dat begrijpen? • Kunnen we het nabootsen? (Nanotechnologie)

  6. Virus self-assembly viruses T=1 T=3 10/27/2014

  7. Self-assembly van “computer virusen” Computer virusen? Monte-Carlo simulaties: stochastische optimalisatie http://www-thphys.physics.ox.ac.uk/user/IainJohnson/

  8. Self-assembly met lego?

  9. C.M. Dobson, Nature 426, 884 (2003) Eiwitten en het Paradox van Levinthal Levinthal Paradox: 150 amino acids ~10 angles between them ~10150 different states. How does protein find its folded native structure? CULTUUR VERSCHIL: Physici/Chemici/Ingenieurs vinden dit belangrijk; Biologen niet zo belangrijk we used same design principles to make viruses self-assemble

  10. Biologicsche self-assembly Als we het niet zouden zien zouden argumenten er tegen sterk lijken(Levinthal) “onmogenlijkheids argumenten” hebben weinig success in de biologie

  11. Hoe interpreteren we de natuur?:Natuur Theologie: • Paley – Newman – Barth ….. • The fundamental thesis of the book is that if nature is to disclose the transcendent, it must be "seen" or "read" in certain specific ways -- ways that are not themselves necessarily mandated by nature itself. It is argued that Christian theology provides a schema or interpretative framework by which nature may be "seen" in a way that enables and authorizes it to connect with the transcendent. • --- A. McGrath p x about "the Open Secret"

  12. Schrödinger equation (Quantum Mechanics) Energy-Momentum (Special Relativity) = Dirac Equation (1928) Electrons Positrons (antimatter) discovered 1932 Wonderlijke toepasselijkheid van de taal van de wiskunde Quantum Mechanics + Relativity = Antimatter + Paul Dirac 1902-1984 Zie ook: “The applicability of mathematics as a philosophical problem”, Mark Steiner HUP (1998); "The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics in the Natural Sciences," in Communications in Pure and Applied Mathematics, vol. 13, No. I (February 1960), Eugene Wigner

  13. Wij zijn gemaakt van sterrenstof:He C via een resonancie • “A common sense interpretation of the facts suggests that a superintellect has monkeyed with physics .. and biology” • His atheism was “deeply shaken” Sir Fred Hoyle, Cambridge U

  14. Tapijt argumenten Wetenschap als een “tapijt” --de kracht ligt niet aan één enkele draad maar aan het geheel en hoe ze zijn zamengewoven. Je kunt aan een paar draadtjes trekken, maar daardoor breek je het tapijt niet. The Golemization of Relativity, David Mermin, Physics Today 49, p11 April 1996 . Ik geloof net zo in het christendom als dat ik geloof dat de zon is opgegaan – niet alleen omdat ik hem zie, maar omdat dit mij in staat stelt om al het andere te zien C.S. Lewis, “Theology as Poetry” in The Weight of Glory,

  15. Natuurgeschiedenis • Grootheid van God • het universum: • 100 miljard stellenstelsels, met elk 100 miljard sterren • De hemel verhaalt van Gods majesteit - Psalm 19 • Wat is de mens? Psalm 8 In our galaxy there are 100,000 million stars, like our sun. our galaxy is one of 100,000 million galaxies. In a throwaway line in Genesis, the writer tells us, "he also made the stars" .. Gen 1:16

  16. Natuurgeschiedenis • Grootheid van God • Analoog aan het universum: • Ruimte   tijd • 24 uurige aarde – je leven = 1 milliseconde • De hemel verhaalt van Gods majesteit - Psalm 19 • Wat is de mens? Psalm 8

  17. Natuurgeschiedenis EMOTIONEEL DEBAT ? Determineert waar we vandaan komen wie we zijn en hoe we zouden moeten leven?

  18. Intermezzo: het vertroebelend woord Evolutie 1) Evolutie as Natuurgeschiedenis De aarde is oud(+/- 4.5 Billion years) Complexere levensvormen volgen op simplere levensvormen 2) Evolutie as a mechanisme voor biologische complexiteit Mutaties en natuurlijke selectie (note: Christenen zijn het er over eens dat God dit geschapen heeft) micorevolutie, immuunsysteem etc… 3) Evolutie als wereldbeeld (evolutionisme) George Gaylord Simpson: "De mens is het resultaat van een doelloos en natuurlijk proces dat hem niet heeft bedoeld. Hij is niet gepland. of Richard Dawkins: "Darwin maakt het mogelijk om intellectueel vervulde atheist te zijn.” Zie ook Bas Haring, Midas Dekkers, etc..

  19. Tapijt argumenten: case study 1: een oude aarde ? Science is a tapestry -- you can pick at a few strings, but that doesn’t break the whole cloth • Radiometric dating (many overlapping isotopes) • ice cores: • up to 8000 years -- volcanoes like Vesuvius • up to 740,000 years • Milankovitch cycles • Tree rings • All these methods (when used properly) agree. There is no scientific controversy • http://www.asa3.org/ASA/resources/Wiens.html

  20. Tapijt argument: een oude aarde ? Milankovitch Cycles: here seen in 420,000 years of ice core data from Vostok, Antarctica research station.

  21. Common descent in biology? Page from Darwin's notebooks ~ circa1837 showing his first known sketch of an evolutionary tree depicting common descent.

  22. Case study 2: evolution of horses Can sound like weak inductive reasoning to many physical scientists

  23. Case study 3: common descent of human & chimp? Divergence of the chimpanzee and human lineages occurred about 6 million years ago; the times of lineage divergence are not to scale News & Views: The chimpanzee and us, Wen-Hsiung Li and Matthew A. Saunders, Nature 437, 50-51 (1September 2005) .

  24. tapestry arguments in biology: chromosomal banding: The origin of man: a chromosomal pictorial legacy. J.J Yunis and O. Prakash, Science 215, 1525 (1982) Humans have 46 (2 X 23) chromosomes Apes have 48 (2 X 24) chromosomes chromosome 2: Human, Chimp, Gorilla, Orang-utan

  25. tapestry arguments in biology: fusion of chromosome 2? chromosome 2: Human, Chimp, Gorilla, Orang-utan

  26. tapestry arguments in biology: evidence from the human genome Chromosome 2 is unique to the human lineage of evolution, having emerged as a result of head-to-head fusion of two acrocentric chromosomes that remained separate in other primates. The precise fusion site has been located in 2q13−2q14.1 (ref. 2; hg16:114,455,823−114,455,838), where our analysis confirmed the presence of multiple subtelomeric duplications to chromosomes 1, 5, 8, 9, 10, 12, 19, 21 and 22 (Fig. 3; Supplementary Fig. 3a, region A). During the formation of human chromosome 2, one of the two centromeresbecame inactivated (2q21, which corresponds to the centromere from chimp chromosome 13) and the centromeric structure quickly deterioriated [42]. Generation and annotation of the DNA sequences of human chromosomes 2 and 4, L.W. Hillier et al., Nature 434, 724 (2005).

  27. endogenous retroviruses In humans endogenous retrovirus sequences make up about 1% of the genome. Lebedev, Y. B., et al. (2000) "Differences in HERV-K LTR insertions in orthologous loci of humans and great apes." Gene 247: 265-277. HERV-K insertions

  28. tapestry arguments in biology: more threads of evidence • Genetic threads • SINEs (Alu ) • LINEs • Retroviral insertions • pseudo genes (e.g. olefaction) • chromosomal inversions • Phenotypal similarities • Fossils

  29. Tapestry arguments in biology • The tapestry for: do humans and chimpanzees share a common ancestor? seems to most biologists to be unbreakably strong For some physicists, mathematicians and engineers -- these arguments may still seem foreign and vague; It doesn’t “smell” like the scientific method they are familiar with -- for example: where is the repeatability? What is the predictive power of these arguments? Where are the numbers?

  30. TERUGBLIK: • Tapijt argumenten • Vaak moeilijk voor een leek om goed in te schatten • Verschillen van discipline tot discipline • Biologen (ook Christelijke) geloven in de evolutie (type 1 & 2) omdat tapijt argumenten daarvoor sterk zijn. • Er blijven uiteraard nog veel vragen over details. VOLGENDE VRAAG: Hoe zit het dan met de Bijbel en Genesis 1&2

  31. Newton en de planeten • De planeet banen zijn onstabiel: God “hervormd” ze • Sir Isaac Newton

  32. Leibnitz werpt tegen “als God de gebreken van zijn schepping moest herstellen, dit zeker afbreuk zou doen aan zijn ambachtelijke vaardigheid” • John Hedley Brooke, Science and Religion, CUP 1991, p147

  33. Leibnitz werpt tegen • “En ik houd vol dat God, als hij wonderen verricht, dat niet doet om in de behoeften van de natuur te voorzien, maar in die van de genade. En wie anders denkt moet noodzakelijk een lage dunk hebben van de wijsheid en macht van God” • -- geen God van de gaten!

  34. God van de gaten? We begrijpen iets niet --> God in het gat van onze kennis “When we come to the scientifically unknown, our correct policy is not to rejoice because we have found God; it is to become better scientists” Prof. Charles Coulson, Oxford U

  35. Meer Intermezzo’s? • Bijbelse taal • “jaagt God voor de Leeuwen? (Job 38, Ps 104)? • Secondaire en Primaire oorzaken • Natuurwetten beschrijven het “gewone handelen” van God? • Denkpatronen over wetenschap en geloof • Nietsandersdanisme • Mechanisme en betekenis • Wetenschapisme • God van de gaten

  36. Dawkins en atheisme van de gaten? • "The individual organism ... is not fundamental to life, but something that emerges when genes, which at the beginning of evolution were separate, warring entities, gang together in co-operative groups as "selfish co-operators". The individual organism is not exactly an illusion. It is too concrete for that. But it is a secondary, derived phenomenon, cobbled together as a consequence of the actions of fundamentally separate, even warring agents. • From Richard Dawkins, Unweaving the Rainbow, (Penguin, London, 1998) p 308. Prof. Richard Dawkins (Oxford)

  37. [Genes] swarm in huge colonies, safe inside gigantic lumbering robots, sealed off from the outside world, communicating with it by tortuous indirect routes, manipulating it by remote control. They are in you and me; they created us, body and mind; and their preservation is the ultimate rationale for our existence. [Genes] are trapped in huge colonies, locked inside highly intelligent beings, moulded by the outside world, communicating with it by complex processes, through which, blindly, as if by magic, function emerges. They are in you and me; we are the system that allows their code to be read; and their preservation is totally dependent on the joy that we experience in reproducing ourselves. We are the ultimate rationale for their existence. Gene language Denis Noble -- The Music of Life: Biology Beyond the Genome (OUP 2006) Richard Dawkins -- The Selfish Gene (1976)

  38. Natuurgeschiedenis EMOTIONEEL DEBAT ? Determineert waar we vandaan komen wie we zijn en hoe we zouden moeten leven?

  39. Intermezzo: het woord Evolutie 1) Evolutie as Natuurgeschiedenis De aarde is oud(+/- 4.5 Billion years) Complexere levensvormen volgen op simplere levensvormen 2) Evolutie as a mechanisme voor biologische complexiteit Mutaties en natuurlijke selectie (note: Christenen zijn het er over eens dat God dit geschapen heeft) micorevolutie, immuunsysteem etc… 3) Evolutie als wereldbeeld (evolutionisme) George Gaylord Simpson: "De mens is het resultaat van een doelloos en natuurlijk proces dat hem niet heeft bedoeld. Hij is niet gepland. of Richard Dawkins: "Darwin maakt het mogelijk om intellectueel vervulde atheist te zijn.” Zie ook Bas Haring, Midas Dekkers, etc..

  40. Metaforen: Toeval of Stochastisch? Random mutations and natural selection... Stochastic (Monte Carlo) optimisation e.g. used to price your stock portfolio .....

  41. Lego blocks or clay? Evo-Devo Lego Blocks: pax6 sonic-hedgehog shaven-baby tinman Endless Forms Most Beautiful: The New Science of Evo Devo and the Making of the Animal Kingdom. S.B. Carroll (Blackwell Science 2005)

  42. Why so few genes? Mycoplasma genitalium (483) (300 minimum?) E.coli (5416) S. cerevisiae (5800) Drosophila Melanogaster (13,500) C. elegans (19,500) & P. pacificus (29,000) H. sapiens (23,000)

  43. Why so few genes? what makes us different? We share 15% of our genes with E. coli “ “ 25% “ “ “ “ yeast “ “ 50% “ “ “ “ flies “ “ 70% “ “ “ “ frogs “ “ 98% “ “ “ “ chimps

  44. Gene language Why are there so few genes? complexity comes from the interactions gene networks systems biology transcriptional network for yeast: Saccharomyces cerevisiae

  45. Gene language [Genes] swarm in huge colonies, safe inside gigantic lumbering robots, sealed off from the outside world, communicating with it by tortuous indirect routes, manipulating it by remote control. They are in you and me; they created us, body and mind; and their preservation is the ultimate rationale for our existence. Richard Dawkins -- The Selfish Gene (1976) [Genes] are trapped in huge colonies, locked inside highly intelligent beings, moulded by the outside world, communicating with it by complex processes, through which, blindly, as if by magic, function emerges. They are in you and me; we are the system that allows their code to be read; and their preservation is totally dependent on the joy that we experience in reproducing ourselves. We are the ultimate rationale for their existence. Denis Noble -- The Music of Life: Biology Beyond the Genome (OUP 2006)

  46. Contingency v.s.``deep structures’’: Re-run the tape of evolution? “Wind back the tape of life to the early days of the Burgess Shale; let it play again from an identical starting point, and the chance becomes vanishingly small that anything like human intelligence would grace the replay.” In evolution, there is no direction, no progression. Humanity is dethroned from its exalted view of its own importance S.J. Gould: “Wonderful Life”; (W.W. Norton 1989) When you examine the tapestry of evolution you see the same patterns emerging over and over again. Gould's idea of rerunning the tape of life is not hypothetical; it's happening all around us. And the result is well known to biologists — evolutionary convergence. When convergence is the rule, you can rerun the tape of life as often as you like and the outcome will be much the same. Convergence means that life is not only predictable at a basic level; it also has a direction. Simon Conway Morris “Life's Solution: Inevitable Humans in a Lonely Universe”; (CUP, 2003)

  47. Convergent Evolution? "For the harmony of the world is made manifest in Form and Number, and the heart and soul and all poetry of Natural Philosophy are embodied in the concept of mathematical beauty." (On Growth and Form, 1917.) Convergent evolution in mechanical design of lamnid sharks and tunas Jeanine M. Donley, et al. Nature 429, 61-65 (6 May 2004)

  48. Convergent Evolution North America: Placental Sabre-toothed cat South America” Marsupial Sabre-toothed cat

  49. Convergent Evolution compound eye camera eye

  50. Convergent Evolution? Enormous number of examples ... from proteins to vision up to societies to intelligence. Are rational conscious beings an inevitable outcome? “ The principal aim of this book has been to show that the constraints of evolution and the ubiquity of convergence make the emergence of something like ourselves a near-inevitability. SCM, “Life’s Solution”, (CUP 2005) pp328

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