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Memory Impairments

Memory Impairments. Amnesia. Loss of memory ability - usually due to lesion (damage) or surgical removal of various parts of the brain. Amnesia. Loss of memory ability - usually due to lesion or surgical removal of various parts of the brain Two broad categories:

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Memory Impairments

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  1. Memory Impairments

  2. Amnesia • Loss of memory ability - usually due to lesion (damage) or surgical removal of various parts of the brain.

  3. Amnesia • Loss of memory ability - usually due to lesion or surgical removal of various parts of the brain • Two broad categories: • Retrograde: loss of memories for events prior to damage

  4. Amnesia • Loss of memory ability - usually due to lesion or surgical removal of various parts of the brain • Two broad categories: • Retrograde: loss of memories for events prior to damage • Anterograde: loss of ability to store new memories of events after damage

  5. Amnesia Retrograde Amnesia Anterograde Amnesia

  6. Amnesia • Typically impacts LTM, not short-term or sensory memory!

  7. Causes of Amnesia • Concussion • Migraines • Hypoglycemia • Epilepsy • Electroconvulsive shock therapy • Specific brain lesions (i.e. surgical removal) • Ischemic events • Drugs (esp. anesthetics) • Infection • Psychological • Nutritional deficiency • Sleep/Circadian effects • Aging

  8. Causes of Amnesia • Concussion • Migraines • Hypoglycemia • Epilepsy • Electroconvulsive shock therapy • Specific brain lesions (i.e. surgical removal) • Ischemic events • Drugs (esp. anesthetics) • Infection • Psychological • Nutritional deficiency • Sleep/Circadian effects • Aging

  9. Causes of Amnesia • Concussion • Migraines • Hypoglycemia • Epilepsy • Electroconvulsive shock therapy • Specific brain lesions (i.e. surgical removal) • Ischemic events • Drugs (esp. anesthetics) • Infection • Psychological • Nutritional deficiency • Sleep/Circadian effects • Aging But not HM!

  10. Causes of Amnesia • Concussion • Migraines • Hypoglycemia • Epilepsy • Electroconvulsive shock therapy • Specific brain lesions (i.e. surgical removal) • Ischemic events • Drugs (esp. anesthetics) • Infection • Psychological • Nutritional deficiency • Sleep/Circadian effects • Aging

  11. Nutritional Deficiency • Anorexia • Cognitive impairments • Mood disorder • Abnormal cort response

  12. Korsakoff’sSyndrome • Lesions to Medial Thalamus • Results from chronic alcoholism and consequent thiamine deficiency

  13. Korsakoff’s Syndrome The Lost Mariner What happened to Jimmie? What was his life like?

  14. Korsakoff’s Syndrome (The Lost Mariner) • Lesions to Medial Thalamus • Results from chronic alcoholism and consequent thiamine deficiency • Severe anterograde amnesia

  15. Korsakoff’s Syndrome (The Lost Mariner) • Lesions to Medial Thalamus • Results from chronic alcoholism and consequent thiamine deficiency • Severe anterograde amnesia • Severe retrograde amnesia extending years before damage

  16. Korsakoff’s Syndrome (The Lost Mariner) • Lesions to Medial Thalamus • Results from chronic alcoholism and consequent thiamine deficiency • Severe anterograde amnesia • Severe retrograde amnesia extending years before damage • Confabulation - make up stories to explain absence of memory

  17. Korsakoff’s Syndrome (The Lost Mariner) • Lesions to Medial Thalamus • Results from chronic alcoholism and consequent thiamine deficiency • Severe anterograde amnesia • Severe retrograde amnesia extending years before damage • Confabulation - make up stories to explain absence of memory • Often unaware of their deficit

  18. Korsakoff’s Summary • Chronic alcohol consumption can damage memory. In what regard? • Graded retrograde amnesia • Profound anterograde amnesia

  19. Brain Damage • Patient R.B. Ischemic damage • Specific memory impairments (e.g., Rey-Osterrieth figure drawing task

  20. Brain Damage • Patient R.B. Ischemic damage.

  21. Brain Damage • Patient N.A. Mechanical injury • Profound impairments on verbal memory tests • Word list recall

  22. Brain Damage Summary • Impairments can be limited to specific memory. • Take care of your cardiovascular system. • Don’t get stabbed in the brain.

  23. Cognitive Aging Everyone experiences memory loss with aging

  24. Problematic Cognitive Aging • Mild Cognitive Impairment • Dementia • Alzheimer’s Disease

  25. Mild Cognitive Impairment • There are different subtypes • Single Cognitive domain • Multiple cognitive domains • Amnestic • Nonamnestic

  26. Prospective Memory • Prospective memory effects • Remembering that you have to do something • Cued • Time • Retrospective memory effects • I knew I supposed to do something…

  27. Dementia • Functional changes • Most common: AD

  28. Alzheimer’s Disease • Cognitive traits • Language impairments • Visuospatial disturbance • Memory loss ****

  29. Don’t despair, you can protect your memory/brain! • Minimize stress • Proper nutrition (eat your veggies) • Healthy lifestyle (exercise and sleep) • Keep using your brain • Protect your brain from injury • Everything in moderation

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