Chapter 5 - 2 : Languages

1. Chapter 5 - 2 : Languages Language Change - gradual, accumulative but sometimes massive and abrupt.(English gained 10,000 words from Norman conquerors of 11th century, 12,000 words added during 1558-1625. Indians add 220 words, .. Chinese written languages changed after communist took over China. Simplified traditional written characters.

2. Story of English (fig 5.8) • An offspring of proto-Germanic, from Jutes, Angles, and Saxons in the 5th/6th centuries • In 9/10 th centuries, West Saxon dialect emerged as Standard Old English • Norman conquest made French as the language of government. (center moved to London from Manchester) • 15/16th centuries, London English is the standard • Samuel Johnson’s Dictionary (1755) helped establish norms of proper form and usage • Colonization brought English to other parts of the world • 60 countries’ standard language (fig5.9)

3. Standard Languages • French,Chinese,Russian,Spanish, Oxford English, Italian, India,,,, • Social dialects - represent social class and educational level, vernacular language • Higher socioeconomic/edu status – more likely follow the norms of their std. lang vs. vernacular • Language Exchange (page 154) • Isogloss - boundary between dialects (fig 5.10) • Isophone – boundary between sound difference. • Three major dialect regions in the US(fig 5.11) • Figure 12 shows dialect areas of the United States • Figure 13 - Dialect diffusion map of the US

4. Pidgin and Creoles • Pidgin - simplified/ a second language for everyone who uses it. not a mother tongue of any established one. • When become the first language, it is called “creole” - with more complex grammatical structure and enhanced vocabulary. • Swahili - pidgin from Bantu, from east African coastal area, spread by trade, Kenya/Tanzania’s national languages • Lingua Franca - established language used habitually for communication by people whose native tongues are mutually incomprehensive. • Africa - the place with the most lingua Franca (fig 5.14) • Page 159 was misprinted

5. Language/Territoriality/Identity • Focus of separatist movements • Earlier ban on local dialects, Basque and Catalan in NE Spain. Wales (Walsh) in England. Higher tolerance and encouragement seen recently. • India - Pakistan - Sri Lanka: difference in Language/Religion, Tamil of Dravidian speakers

6. Languages in Spain/Portugal Source:http://www.ethnologue.com/show_map.asp?name=ES&seq=10

7. The Language of India • Indo-European and Dravidian family • Three exceptional areas 1) Northwest –Tibetan speakers 2) border with Maynmar (Burma) – Naga (Burmese) speakers and 3) east – small groups of Austro-Asiatic speakers • 15 Major languages (11 Indo-European), and 1600 lesser languages • Four Dravidian languages in south of Indian Peninsula, there were older and “pushed” southward by Indo-European, 80 mi. speaks Telugu, 75 mi.-Tamil, 35 mil.-Karnataka and 35 mi-Malayalam • Hindi – spoken by 300 million – Indo-European

9. Afghanistan Pashtun - 60 tribes Tajik:Mostly Sunni, famous for melons and fruits Uzbek:most religious groups. Follow traditions such as early marriage for young girl, bride-price.. Hazara:Mongol descent Pashtun source of data: cnn.com, 12/07/2001

10. Source: http://schiller.dartmouth.edu

11. Source: http://schiller.dartmouth.edu