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HIV/AIDS The Fatal STI

HIV/AIDS The Fatal STI. Updated March 2016. HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus The HIV virus destroys important cells that fight infections and diseases called CD4 cells or T cells.

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HIV/AIDS The Fatal STI

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  1. HIV/AIDS The Fatal STI Updated March 2016

  2. HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus The HIV virus destroys important cells that fight infections and diseases called CD4 cells or T cells. Over time and without treatment, the HIV virus can weaken the body’s immune system to the point that it can no longer fight off infections. AIDS (Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) is the most severe phase of HIV infection. Without treatment, most people with AIDS will die within 3 years. There is no vaccine to prevent HIV/AIDS and there is no cure. What is HIV Infection?

  3. HIV – The Global picture • HIV has become one of the world’s most important diseases with a great burden on health and development. • More than 36.9 million people are currently living with HIV/AIDS around the world. • More than 34 million people have already died since the first cases of HIV was diagnosed in 1981. • Sub-Saharan Africa is the most affected region, with 70% of the global total of new HIV infections.

  4. At the end of 2013, there were approximately 933,941 persons living with HIV diagnosis in the US1 The CDC estimates that there are an additional 156,300 persons over the age of 13, who are living with HIV, but who are unaware of their infection.2 Approximately 50,000 new infections each year2 Over half a million Americans have died of AIDS2 HIV - The U.S. Picture

  5. Diagnoses of HIV Infection and Populationby Race/Ethnicity, 2014—United States Note. Data include persons with a diagnosis of HIV infection regardless of stage of disease at diagnosis. All displayed data have been statistically adjusted to account for reporting delays, but not for incomplete reporting. a Hispanics/Latinos can be of any race.

  6. HIV – Young Americans • 1 out of 4 new HIV infections occur in youth ages 13-24 years • About 60% of youth with HIV do NOT know they are infected • Young men are far more likely than young women to get HIV and are also less likely to get tested.

  7. The virus is spread through certain body fluids by: Sexual contact Needle sharing Mother to child (during pregnancy, birth, or breast-feeding) Occupational exposure (health care and emergency workers) Contaminated transfusion How Do I Get HIV?

  8. Diagnoses of HIV Infection among Adults and Adolescents, by Transmission Category, 2010–2014—United States and 6 Dependent Areas Note. Data include persons with a diagnosis of HIV infection regardless of stage of disease at diagnosis. All displayed data have been statistically adjusted to account for reporting delays and missing transmission category, but not for incomplete reporting. a Heterosexual contact with a person known to have, or to be at high risk for, HIV infection. b Includes hemophilia, blood transfusion, perinatal exposure, and risk factor not reported or not identified.

  9. Receptive anal intercourse poses the highest riskwith insertive anal intercourse the second highest. Vaginal intercourse (both receptive and insertive) is the next highest risk Oral sex may also transmit HIV infection Transmission has also been reported through WSM contact (women having sex with women) Transmission of HIV through Sexual Contact

  10. HIV and STI Co-infection • Many studies have shown that STIs increase the risk of transmission of HIV. Research is revealing that : • Some STIs, such as syphilis and herpes cause open wounds or ulcers which can provide HIV a direct route into the blood stream. • The presence of an STI can increase the concentration of SC4 T-cells in the genital area, which provide HIV with a favorable target for infection. • People who are infected with HIV have increased concentrations of HIV in their body fluids when another STI is present, increasing the likelihood of transmission.

  11. Testing should begin with a sensitive screening test Blood tests for antigen/antibody combination will show an early infection (2-6 weeks from exposure) and are preferred over other tests. If this test is positive, it needs to be followed by another test (such as an antibody differentiation assay) before a HIV diagnosis is given Rapid HIV tests allow a preliminary diagnosis to be made in 30 minutes. However, they can give a false negative in newly infected persons. All reactive tests much to followed by another test to confirm the HIV diagnosis How is HIV Diagnosed?

  12. Initially nonspecific influenza-like infection Fever, fatigue, rash, headache, lymph node enlargement Usually lasts for <14 days Newly infected people are immediately able to pass on the disease What if I Get HIV?

  13. A few weeks after primary infection, asymptomatic stage begins Symptoms from a weakened immune system start usually between 5-10 years1 Risk of untreated HIV-infected person developing AIDS is 1%-2% per year for first few years and 5% per year after that2 Long Term Effects of HIV

  14. HIV Treatment • Combination anti-retroviral therapy is recommended to: • slow the progress of disease and to • decrease the likelihood of transmission. • ART (Antiretroviral therapy) is recommended for all individuals with HIV-1 infections, including those with early HIV-1 infections. • The medicines are called ARVs (antiretrovirals) • Patient should be referred for counseling

  15. Reducing HIV Risks • Screening tests for HIV • Consistent and correct use of condoms 100% of the time. • May reduce risk 80% for vaginal intercourse • May reduce risk 70% for anal intercourse • Inconsistent use is statistically the same as no use

  16. Reducing HIV RisksContinued • ART (antiretroviral therapy) • Reduces the “viral load” in the infected person, making them less likely to transmit the infection • PrEP (Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis) A daily For HIV negative people who are at high risk for HIV infection, including, but not limited to partners of HIV positive people. • PEP (Post-Exposure Prophylaxis) A 28 day treatment for people who have been exposed to HIV. It must be taken within 72 hours of exposure. • occupational exposure (health care or emergency workers) • Sexual assault victims, needle-sharing drug users, etc.

  17. Treatment of STIs reduces the risk of transmission Circumcised males are at significantly lower risk1 All pregnant women should be screened for HIV at the first pre-natal visit. Pregnant women with risk factors should be screened again in the third trimester2 Mother-to-child transmission can be reduced by treating the mother before delivery with ART3 Reducing HIV RiskContinued

  18. For unmarried individuals, sexual abstinence is the only practical and certain way to avoid HIV For those who choose to be sexually active, a marriage (mutually faithful, life-long relationship with an uninfected sexual partner) is the healthiest choice Do not share needles Avoid contact with infected body fluids and tissues Avoiding HIV

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