Developing Active Readers Everyday D.A.R.E

1. Developing Active Readers EverydayD.A.R.E Passive Reader Active Reader

2. What’s wrong with this picture? Explicit and systematic teaching of necessary skills. Bake this cake! Opportunities to practise skills learnt.

3. Language Acquisition • Language is acquired naturally, we will communicate in the language or languages we are exposed to. If you grow up in a home where Spanish is spoken, guess what, you will speak Spanish. This occurs naturally. • Readingis not naturally acquired, you will not learn the skills needed to read by being exposed to books (although vitally important), these skills need to be taught in an explicit and systematic manner.

4. Reading is the ability to construct meaning from written text.

5. How Do Children Learnto Read? Children must develop the following skills; • Decoding Skills- Written symbols are converted into words. • Comprehension Skills - Understanding the meaning of the words. Reading is a message getting, problem solving activity.

6. Decoding Skills • There are two distinct parts to decoding. • Part 1 involves spoken language (auditory skills and strategies), and Part 2 involves written language (visual skills and strategies). • These parts mustcome together in order to read successfully.

7. Spoken Language (auditory)Phonemic Awareness Phonemic awarenessis the ability to hear, separate and manipulate the sounds in spoken words, and the understanding that spoken words are made up of sequences of speech sounds. A student needs to be explicitly taught that; • speech is a group of words strung together • that this group of words can then be broken down into separate, individual words • these individual words can be broken down even further into separate sounds

8. Phonemic Awareness sentence level The cat climbed the tree. word level The cat climbed tree . the t ee r sound level

9. Why is Phonemic Awareness Important? • It is the most powerful predictor of reading acquisition. If a student has poor phonemic awareness, this will ultimately affect their reading ability and comprehension. • Students are only able to store a specific amount of words in their memory as sight words. If they are unable to recognise that spoken words can be separated into sounds there will come a time when their ability to tackle unknown words becomes an impossibility. • A student with poor phonemic awareness has to spend a lot of time predicting what the next word is going to be. This means that they are unable to concentrate on comprehension when they are reading.

10. How to Develop Phonemic Awareness A successful phonemic awareness program is explicit, systematic and multi-sensory. The following learning experiences will develop phonemic awareness skills. These learning experiences are sensitising students to the fact that words come apart. • rhyming words - being able to tell that two words rhyme • counting words in a sentence • segmenting and blending syllables • segmenting and blending onset and rime (bl-ack, fl-at, dr-ink) • counting phonemes (sounds) in words • segmenting and blending phonemes (sounds) • substitution of sounds

11. Written Language (visual)Phonics • Phonics involves connections between printed letters and speech sounds. • Students are explicitly and systematically taught that sounds correspond to letters, and they now have a strategy for decoding unfamiliar words. • Students are not only articulating the sounds but they are matching the sounds to symbols.

12. Teaching Phonics This is the transition from an auditory strategy to a visual strategy. • counting words in a sentence • segmenting and blending syllables • segmenting and blending onset and rime (bl-ack, fl-at, dr-ink) • counting phonemes in words • segmenting and blending phonemes • substitution of sounds

13. Learning is enhanced by the use of multi-sensory activities.

14. Segmentation sh o p

15. The written word has the same number and sequence of sounds as the spoken word, and letters represent these sounds.

16. Sight Words(visual strategy) • These are words that appear most frequently in words, they do not conform to phonic rules and they need to be memorised as a visual chunk. • Some following words are examples of sight words; said do was of all

17. Comprehension Skills Fluency - Reading fluency is the ability to read a text smoothly, clearly, and at an appropriate pace. The goal is to comprehend what is being read. Vocabulary - This refers to an understanding of the meaning of words being read. Poor vocabulary knowledge leads to poor comprehension. It is critical to develop a broad vocabulary. Comprehension- It is important to make sense of words in context. It is simply not enough to know the meaning of the word, it is necessary to understand its meaning in relation to the words around it.

18. The Four Sources of Information(applying decoding and comprehension skills) In learning to read, students must learn to use and integrate four sources of information (processing systems). • The semantic (word meaning) processing system. The reader asks, does this make sense? • The syntactic (grammar) processing system. The reader asks, Does this sound right? • The graphological (written language) and phonological (sounding out) processing systems. The reader checks, do the sounds I want to say match the words on the page?

19. All four sources of information are explicitly and systematically taught and then practised. • The reader has to access and integrate all sources of information fluently and continuously as they read. • When faced with an unfamiliar word, the reader attempts to problem solve by asking.... Does this make sense? (Meaning) Does it sound right? (Grammar) Do the sounds I want to say match the words on the page? (Phonemic awareness and Phonics)

20. Reading to a childWhat does it look like? Top Tips It is very important to pre-read the book; this gives you a good understanding of the text, and allows you to identify any difficult words. This also directs your questioning. When asking questions, remember to guide your child in the right direction, don't give them the answers.

21. More Top Tips! • Good readers activate prior knowledge before reading. • When you read to a child you are modelling good reading strategies. • Use the think – aloud approach.

22. Before Reading the Book • Discuss the following; title, author, illustration on the cover. • Scan through the book together, discussing the pictures and making predictions. Ask questions. • Have your child make predictions about the book, and ask why?

23. During Reading • Give your child the opportunity to draw on their own experiences that relate to the experiences found in the book. For example, have you even moved to a new home? Do you remember what that was like? • Make predictions • Ask the who, what, when, where and why questions. • Identify and talk about difficult words. • Ask for a summary of the plot. • Sequence the events in the story. • What are the main ideas? • Use the Pause, Prompt, Praise strategy. When your child comes to an unknown word allow them a few seconds to work it out, if they still do not know the word provide them with an explicit prompt, such as what letter does the word begin with? If they still do not know the word, give it to them and show them a way of working it out. Always praise them for taking a risk and having a go.

24. After Reading • Summarise the plot. • Retell the events in the books in the correct order. • Review and evaluate the predictions made prior to reading the book. • Ask your child how they felt about the book. Did they enjoy it? Why? Why not? • Re-read the book to further develop expression, fluency, comprehension and most importantly for enjoyment.

25. Pause, Prompt and Praise (P.P.P) • use this strategy when the child is reading an unknown word • use at instructional level (90 - 95% correct) • allow a pause for at least 5 seconds • encourage the child to read to the end of the sentence • give the child an explicit prompt • praise the child for having a go

26. Prompts- How to Solve a Problem

27. Prompts-How to Check on Your Reading

28. Why Re - read a Book? • Re-reading a book has a purpose, it increases fluency, reinforces new sight words, improves comprehension and expression. When re-reading; • encourage and model fluency • encourage and model expression, this can be exaggerated • ensure the reader is attending to punctuation • ask new questions • praise honestly and explicitly. I liked the way you used your talking voice. • smile

29. I am a successful reader because I.... • am able to decode unknown words using auditory (phonemic awareness) and visual strategies (phonics) • read fluently • understand the vocabulary • comprehend what I am reading • actively and constantly monitor my reading

30. Thank you!