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Central Nervous System

Central Nervous System. CNS Receives Information. Interoceptors – sensory receptor that responds to … Proprioceptor – respond to limb position, joint angles, and … Exteroceptors – sensory receptor that responds to stimuli in …. The CNS Layout. Fig. 16.25. The CNS Layout.

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Central Nervous System

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  1. Central Nervous System

  2. CNS Receives Information • Interoceptors – sensory receptor that responds to … • Proprioceptor – respond to limb position, joint angles, and … • Exteroceptors – sensory receptor that responds to stimuli in …

  3. The CNS Layout Fig. 16.25

  4. The CNS Layout • Remember, CNS is hollow • Central canal in spinal cord enlarges into ventricles within … • Cerebrospinal fluid produced by ependymal cells in… • CSF …

  5. The CNS Layout • Brain and spinal cord surrounded by… • Dura mater – outermost layer • Arachnoid – middle layer; CSF flows underneath in subarachnoid space • Pia mater – innermost layer; contains blood vessels to supply … • This is for mammals, but other vertebrates have less, with fishes having only one

  6. The CNS Layout Fig. 16.26

  7. Spinal Cord • Gray matter – nerve cells in the core • Dorsal horn – receives … • Ventral horn – • Largely for …

  8. Spinal Cord – Reflexes Also send and receive information to and from … Association neurons transmit information to … Fig. 16.28

  9. Spinal Cord • Gray matter – nerve cells in the core • Dorsal horn – receives incoming sensory info • Ventral horn – motor neurons • Largely for reflexes • White matter – outer nerve cells linking spinal cord areas and spinal cord to brain • Ascending tracts – sensory impulses • Descending tracts – motor impulses

  10. Spinal Cord Fig. 16.30, see also Table 16.6

  11. Brain • Hindbrain: medulla oblongata, pons, cerebellum • Midbrain: tectum, tegmentum • Forebrain: cerebrum (telencephelon), diencephalon Fig. 16.32

  12. Hindbrain • Medulla oblongata – largely reflex actions • Houses nuclei of many cranial nerves • Ascending & descending pathways go through en route … • Controls many visceral and proprioreceptive reflexes: respiration, heartbeat, intestinal motility • Pons – enlargement of hindbrain of mammals; info from …

  13. Hindbrain • Cerebellum: involuntary actions • Modifies motor output, but does not … • Processes touch, vision, auditory, proprioception, motor input • Important for maintaining balance and … • Refines motor actions by links to motor control centers

  14. Midbrain • Tectum– roof of midbrain; receives visual and auditory input • Tegmentum – floor of the midbrain; motor output via … • Very prominent in fishes, many amphibians

  15. Forebrain • Diencephalon: • Epithalamus – roof of diencephalon; … • Hypothalamus – regulates physiological homeostasis (temperature, water balance, appetite, metabolism, sexual behavior, etc.); stimulates … • Ventral thalamus – • Dorsal thalamus – integrates …

  16. Forebrain • Dorsal thalamus • Receives sensory input from … • Transmits directly to … • All somatic and visceral sensory tracts (except olfactory) go … Fig. 16.41

  17. Forebrain • Telencephalon = cerebrum • Pair of expanded lobes = • Cerebral cortex = outer wall of hemispheres • Subcortical region = rest of cerebral tissue • Consists of dorsal pallium and ventral subpallium

  18. Telencephalon Fig. 16.42

  19. Telencephalon Evolution Fig. 16.43

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