民国时期的医派纷争与后殖民现代性

民国时期的医派纷争与后殖民现代性 The Feuds of the medical sects in Republic of China and post-colonial modernity 夏媛媛南京医科大学医政学院 Xia yuanyuan Nanjing medical university 张大庆北京大学医学史研究中心 Zhang Daqing Center for History of Medicine, Peking University

自民国建立始，中国已成为独立的国家，但殖民的影响却渗透在各个方面，远未完成解殖的过程。在医学上殖民利益争夺的表现尤为明显。德日医学派与英美医学派的斗争从根本上就是这种殖民利益斗争在医学上的反映，正是在后殖民的权力斗争中，中国的西医教育得以曲折而艰难地建立。自民国建立始，中国已成为独立的国家，但殖民的影响却渗透在各个方面，远未完成解殖的过程。在医学上殖民利益争夺的表现尤为明显。德日医学派与英美医学派的斗争从根本上就是这种殖民利益斗争在医学上的反映，正是在后殖民的权力斗争中，中国的西医教育得以曲折而艰难地建立。 The feature of medicine and education can break the cultural rivalry to colonial govern more effective than any other things. And medicine are treated as a strength to declare the legitimacy of the govern by colonial power. So ,the dispute between German-Japanese and Anglo-American faction is the reflection of colonial profit in medicine.

1、英美派的形成 The formation of Anglo-American medicine 2、德日派的形成 The formation of German-Japanese medicine 3、德日派与英美派的纷争 The feuds of the medical sects between Anglo-American and German-Japanese medicine 4、医派纷争与后殖民现代性 The feuds of the medical sects and post-colonial modernity

1、英美派的形成The formation of Anglo-American medicine 1-1英美派医学校的雏形——教会医学校的发展 The rudiment of Anglo-American medical school----the development of missionary medical school 1-2英美派的壮大——留美热潮的兴起 The strengthen of Anglo-American medical school----The upsurge of study abroad in America 1-3英美派的医学团体 The set up of medical organization by Anglo-American faction

1-1英美派医学校的雏形——教会医学校的发展The rudiment of Anglo-American medical school----the development of missionary medical school Before 1911 Revolution, there are 10 medical schools in China, among them ,there are 7 schools are set up by missionary.

1-2英美派的壮大——留美热潮的兴起The strengthen of Anglo-American medical school----The upsurge of study abroad in America 据1935年的统计表明，全国医学院校的教员964人中曾留学美国的有142人，留学英国的有87人，协和医学院毕业的又有70人，仅这三项，在医学校中亲英美的人数就多达299人，占全部教员数的31% According to the statistics in 1935, there are 964 teachers in medical school, among them, 142 teachers studied abroad in America, and 87 in Britain, still 70 teachers are graduated from Union medical school, so 31% teachers are belong to Anglo-American faction.

1-3英美派的医学团体The set up of medical organization by Anglo-American sect 中华医学会： 1886年在华医学传教士建立的“中国博医会”；1915年2月25日，伍连德、颜福庆、俞凤宾等发起成立中华医学会；11月，中、英文并列的《中华医学杂志》在上海创刊；1916年2月7至12日，中华医学会首届代表大会在上海举行；1917、1920年，中华医学会的第二、三届代表大会均与中国博医会的代表大会联合举办；1932年中国博医会合并入中华医学会；1937年前后，隶属于中华医学会的医生、公共卫生、内科、外科、小儿科、眼科、妇产科等专业学会相继成立。 Chinese medical Association came into existence in 1915, most of the members of the association were graduated from America 、Britain, or from missionary medical school. The major impact of the Anglo-American faction is achieved by Chinese medical Association.

2、德日派的形成The formation of German-Japanese medicine 2-1留日热潮的兴起 The upsurge of study abroad in Japan 2-2德日派医学校的创办 The founded of the German-Japanese medical school 2-3德日派医药团体的建立 The set up of medical organization by German-Japanese sect

2-1留日热潮的兴起The upsurge of study abroad in Japan 1896年唐宝锷、胡宗瀛、朱忠光等13名学生赴日留学，标志着中国近代留日运动的开始。 1903年清政府公布《奖励游学毕业生章程》 1907年清政府规定，凡官费留学生回国后，皆须充当专门教员五年留学日本德国归国的毕业生回国后办的一些医学校就被称为德日派医学校。 From 1896,there are 13 students study abroad in Japan, it indicate the beginning of the upsurge of study abroad in Japan. The graduates set up some medical schools when they repatriate from Japan or Germany, the school they set up is called German-Japanese medical school.

2-2德日派医学校的创办The founded of the German-Japanese medical school 1909年在广州成立广华医学院; 1912年在杭州成立浙江医学专门学校(后改为浙江省立医药专科学校)，在北京成立北京医学专门学校; 在南通成立南通学院医科; 1916年在保定成立河北省立医学校; 在太原成立川至医学校; 1921年在南昌成立江西省立医学专科学校; 1926年在上海成立东南医学院; 在福建成立福建医学院; 1932年在济南成立山东省立医学专门学校; 在西安成立省立医学专科学校据1935年的统计，当时全国二十七个医学院校的教员共964人，其中曾留学日本者共106人，占全数的11% From 1909 to 1932 ,there were 11 German-Japanese medical school founded, and according to the statistic in 1935, there were 964 teachers in 27 medical schools, 106 teachers(11%) studied abroad in Japan.

2-3德日派医药团体的建立The set up of medical organization by German-Japanese sect • 中华药学会：中国药学会的前身即为“东京留日中华药学会”， 1909年在东京召开第一届年会; 1912年该会迁回北京；1936年, 出版《中华药学杂志》；1942年该会更名为“中国药学会”；中华人民共和国成立后,《中国药学会杂志》改名为《药学学报》 • 中华民国医药学会： 1915年8月,汤尔和、周颂声、侯希民、方擎等发起成立中华民国医药学会；1916年8月召开第一次常会,推举汤尔和为会长；1917年编辑出版《中华民国医药学会会报》 The two famous medical organizations are founded in 1909 and 1915, one is Chinese Pharmaceutical Association, an other is Medicine Association of Republic China.

3、德日派与英美派的纷争The feudsof the medical sects between Anglo-American and German-Japanese medicine 3-1民初的格局 The framework in the beginning of Republic of China 3-2争夺话语权的斗争 The dispute of the two sects in discourse power 3-3德日派医校与英美派医校的异同 The differences and the similarities between German-Japanese and Anglo-American medical school

3-1民初的格局The framework in the beginning of Republic of China 德日派医学校代表 The representation schools of German-Japanese faction 浙江医学专门学校(Zhejiang medical school) 国立北京医学专门学校（Peking medical school）满洲医科大学(The South Manchurian Rail Way medical School ) 英美派医学校代表 The representation schools of Anglo-American faction 协和医学院(Union medical School) 齐鲁大学医学院(Qilu medical college) 湘雅医学专门学校(Hsiangya medical school)

3-2争夺话语权的斗争The dispute of the two faction in discourse power 导火索就起因于中华医学杂志于1933年十九卷第二期的一篇文章《我国的医学教育》，其中一段写到了日本与中国医学教育民国初年所办之医学校：如陆军军医学校及北京，江苏，浙江，直隶等医专学校，皆以毕业日本之人充当校长及教员。此毕业生留学时，日本医学尚未发达；而日本学校当局对于中国留学生，又向取放任主义；是以多数皆学无专长。回国后，仅一普通医学士，并无所谓专门。当时因人才缺乏，故荣任教授，主讲大学。当讲书时，仅以自己之讲义，向学生背诵。“讲”之一字，已谈不到；其不称职，可想而知。民十以后，各医校时时发生风潮，虽然由于学风不良，但教员的尸位，也是一个主因。现此派教员在我国公私立医校仍占极大势力，归其主办之医学校，仍有七八校之多。据Faber 氏报告及“上海医药界之现状”所载，此辈主办之医学校，教员及设备，皆极不良，应加改革。但若辈势力，根深蒂固，改革实不易言！ The reason of the dispute of the two factions lies on an article ‘the medical education in China’, published on Chinese Medical journal ,which belong to Anglo-American faction. In this article, it describe the Japanese and Chinese medical education, and said that the medical schools belong to German-Japanese faction need to be innovated a lot, and the teachers in these schools were unemployable.

3-2争夺话语权的斗争The dispute of the two faction in discourse power 学会的发展(development of the association) 1932年中华医学会与博医会合并后，力量对比发生了改变，中华医学会财力规模都空前壮大，会员达1500多人。面对英美派的中华医学会如此迅速的发展，再加上言辞上对德日派又有蔑视之意，德日派的中华民国医药学会颇有意见。权力机关的任职(position in the department) 1930年卫生部取消，改设卫生署，隶属于内政部。卫生署编制缩小，只设技正及三个科长而没有司一级的职位。日、德、法各派西医的高级职员都自动去职。此后，中央卫生政权一直都掌握在亲美派西医的手里。医学校的课程制定(establishment of the medical course) 1935年6月教育部公布了大学医学院及医科暂行课目表。而这一课目表的制定也引起了德日派的质疑。质疑课目表制定所参照的对象为北平私立协和医学院的课程大纲。教学语言的确定(confirm the teaching language) 课程设置第一、二外国语与中国国情不符，认为“该委员会是想用着这种巧妙的手段，拥护中国纯用英文学医的学校，而压迫纯用其他外国文学医的学校。 From the four aspects ,the two sects completed the process of scramble for discourse power .

3-3德日派医校与英美派医校的异同The differences and the similarities between German-Japanese and Anglo-American medical school Comparing both schools, especially from their mission ,the Union medical school is more elite , but the difference of their mission can not show the difference of their quality of teaching. 北平大学医学院与协和医学院基本情况比较 comparison of the basic situation between Peking medical school and Union medical school

3-3德日派医校与英美派医校的异同The differences and the similarities between German-Japanese and Anglo-American medical school In contrast, Union Medical school , pay more attention to the cultivation and promotion of teachers. 北平大学医学院与协和医学院师资情况比较 comparison of the teachers

3-3德日派医校与英美派医校的异同The differences and the similarities between German-Japanese and Anglo-American medical school In Union Medical school ,the clinical course is more than in Peking medical school about 500 hours, compared both, Union medical school is more emphasis on practicality, but still we can not decide who is better. 北平大学医学院与协和医学院课程情况比较 comparison of the courses

4、医派纷争与后殖民现代性The feuds of the medical sects and post-colonial modernity 4-1医派纷争的后殖民根源 The root of the feuds of medical sects lies on post-clolnial 4-2医学殖民的特点与作用 The effect of the colonize in mecicine

4-1医派纷争的后殖民根源The root of the feuds of medical sects lies on post-clolnial 政治殖民的医学表现当时的南京卫生局局长及省立江苏医政学院院长胡定安所言：“今日中国医界派别之开端也，吾言不曰在社会服务之医师，而曰在政之医事当局，……当以科学大同国家应重消除派别捐弃成见为主要条件，使全国医界只知以促进中国医药学术为唯一职责，庶几医事前途得留一线之曙光，不致如政治潮流彼此倾轧无已时也……”。 The dispute of the medical faction is the representation of National Party. The reason of the dispute is the policy of colonialism country , they look for the surrogate in China, hook in and support one faction, it cause the confrontation of the two faction.

4-1医派纷争的后殖民根源 The root of the feuds of medical sects lies on post-clolnial 经济殖民的利益争夺当时医界的有识之士发出了这样的警示：“我国医学界中之所以分出派别来，其最后的原因，还是由于几个资本主义的国家在背后操纵的缘故，他们为要推销他们的物品，自会放下这许多线索来，使我国的医学界中人无意间受到他们的牵引。所以我们要设法能够尽量的自制新药和各种医学的器械，也是目前最要紧的事！” The second reason lies on the impact of economical colonial. Some person of insight pointed out that in order to promote the goods in China, some capitalism country drop a lot clue intentionally ，and then the people in the medical field will be pulled by them unintentionally .

4-1医派纷争的后殖民根源The root of the feuds of medical sects lies on post-clolnial 文化殖民与身份认同现代生物医学本身就具有“帝国主义”或“殖民主义”的特性。在中国，这种殖民过程引发了对中西医之间的斗争。而由于引入的医学渠道不同，它们又各自扩张，相互排斥，终于引发了西医内部的医派斗争。不同医派的斗争还源于身份认同的需要。当时的英美派与德日派人士，留学海外后经历了不同的文化碰撞，更由于当时的中国正是全面落后之时，他们回到祖国后便产生强烈的传播海外文化的使命感。他们虽是中国人，但在身份、心理上都倾向于留学国。留学同一国家的人士自然抱成一团，以巩固这种身份的确认；留学不同国家的自然就相互排斥，避免被对方同化。 Biomedicine has the feature of colonialism itself. In China ,the course of colonize not only cause the dispute between Chinese and western medicine, but also cause the dispute between different faction within western medicine, just because they were inducted from different medical channel, and their expansion, mutually exclusive.

4-2医学殖民的特点与作用The effect of the colonize in mecicine 医派的纷争虽深深打上了殖民权力争夺的烙印，但客观上却促进了医学的进步及对医学教育的思考。 (1)首先是西医教育体系的引入给中国传统中医带来了强有力的冲击，也迫使中医思考自身的生存与发展问题，为中医教育提供了一个学习的样板。 (2)其次在医疗卫生方面，各派人士最初均抱着学成归国报效祖国的想法，为祖国的医疗卫生事业做出了不少供献。 (3)最后从医学教育方面来看，各种模式的医学院校为当时的中国培养了不同层次的医学人才。 (4)最重要的是，在医学教育领域，这种派系纷争引发了人们对医学教育规律的思考。英美派与德日派的教育宗旨各不相同，但这种不同目标培养出的医学生恰恰适应了不同层次的需要。 Although the feuds of the Medical School deeply marked by the stigma of the colonial struggle for power, but the objective is to promote the progress of medicine and on medical education.

医派的纷争还是缘于当时中国医学的不发达，各方面还不能独立自强，对外来的各类事物缺乏正确的评价，更由于未能形成适应于自己国情的医学教育体系。所以建立起中国自己的医学教育体系便成为了当时医界有识之士的共识，最终西医教育体系的建构便是在与帝国主义及西方现代医学纠缠拮抗的复杂关系及其所涉及的利益与权力中完成的。医派的纷争还是缘于当时中国医学的不发达，各方面还不能独立自强，对外来的各类事物缺乏正确的评价，更由于未能形成适应于自己国情的医学教育体系。所以建立起中国自己的医学教育体系便成为了当时医界有识之士的共识，最终西医教育体系的建构便是在与帝国主义及西方现代医学纠缠拮抗的复杂关系及其所涉及的利益与权力中完成的。 The feuds of the two factions lies on the underdeveloped of the medicine，and that we haven’t set up a medical education system adapt to the situation in China. So, set up a medical education system of our own became the common view among the insightful people. At last ,the constructed of the western medical education system in China is completed under the rivalry of the benefit and the power.

民国时期的医派纷争 与后殖民现代性