Chapter 3

1. Chapter 3 Nationalism and Sectionalism 1812-1855

2. Section 1 Vocabulary: • Turnpike: roads for which users had to pay a toll • National Road: extended west from Maryland to the Ohio River in 1818 • Erie Canal: ran 363 miles across New York State from Lake Erie to the Hudson River. • Industrial Revolution: developments in technology that transformed manufacturing; influencing culture, social life, and politics. • Samuel Slater: built the nations first water-powered textile mill in 1793. • Francis Cabot Lowell: built a mill in which all operations in the manufacture of cloth occurred. • Lowell Girl: young, single women recruited from area farms who worked at the Lowell mill. • Interchangeable Parts: identical components that could be used in place of one another; improved efficiency in manufacturers, factories, and designed products. • Eli Whitney: created the idea of interchangeable parts • Samuel F.B. Morse: invented the electric telegraph

3. Crash Course: “Market Revolution” • http://youtu.be/RNftCCwAol0

4. Prior to the Transportation Revolution • The original 13 states and major cities sprang up around waterways (harbors, lakes, rivers etc.) because water, at the time, proved the easiest for transporting goods and people. • Land transportation consisted of dirt roads with a horse and buggy. • Southern colonies heard about the Declaration of Independence 29 days after it was signed.

5. Transportation • Turnpikes-roads in which people had to pay a toll- were created –early 1800s

6. The National Road • The National Road, 1818: Main road, made from rock, from Maryland to the Ohio River. Funded by the National Government.

7. Robert Fulton • Robert Fulton created the Steamboat. • (1st one called Clermont) which made travel easier • Burning wood/coal, the engine boiled the water to create steam. The force of the steam turned a large, rotating paddle, pushing the boat. • For instance, it took the boat 20 days to go from New Orleans to Louisville as opposed to 4 months before.

8. Fulton’s Clermont

9. Erie Canal 1825 • http://youtu.be/6_f7S4BojGI • 363 miles from Albany, New York to Buffalo, New York. • Lowered the cost of transporting from $100 to $4 per ton. • NYC population skyrocketed! • 124,000 people in 1820 to 800,000 in 1860.

10. The Railroad… • Railroads transformed the transportation industry. • Pulled heavier loads of freight/passengers at higher speeds. • Cost less than canals to build. • Unlike the canal, you could transfer goods anywhere and not just where there was water.

11. The Industrial Revolution • Began in Great Britain with the Spinning Jenny. • Transformed culture, social life, and politics. • The Industrial Revolution: social and economic reorganization that took place as machines replaced hand tools and large-scale factory production developed. • Mass Production: The production of goods in large quantities. • Impacts???? Quicker Production, cheaper, No longer a need for skilled workers.

12. John Deere & the Steel Plow(1837)

13. Cyrus McCormick& the Mechanical Reaper: 1831

14. Samuel F. B. Morse 1840 – Telegraph Through Morse Code (dots and dashes) messages could be delivered almost instantly. By 1860 the nation had 50,000 miles of telegraph lines.

15. Elias Howe & Isaac Singer 1840sSewing Machine

16. Samuel Slater(“Father of the Factory System”)

17. The Lowell Mills • Francis Cabot Lowell, Nathan Appleton, and Patrick Tracy Jackson built a weaving factory in Waltham, Massachusetts. • The town became known as Lowell, became a booming, manufacturing center. • Incorporated all stages of cloth manufacturing. • Thousands of workers, mostly young women, came to Lowell because their families’ farms were in decline.

18. Lowell in 1850

19. Lowell Mill Girls

20. Lowell Mill

21. Early Textile Mill Loom Floor

22. I’m a Factory Girl Filled with Wishes I'm a factory girlEveryday filled with fearFrom breathing in the poison airWishing for windows!I'm a factory girlTired from the 13 hours of work each dayAnd we have such low payWishing for shorten work times!I'm a factory girlNever having enough time to eatNor to rest my feetWishing for more free time!I'm a factory girlSick of all this harsh conditionsMaking me want to sign the petition!So do what I ask for because I am a factory girlAnd I'm hereby speaking for all the rest!

23. Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin, 1791 • Interchangeable Parts much more efficient! • Reinvigorated a Declining Slavery by quickly separating the seeds from the cotton. • EFFICICENCY!!!

24. Section 2 Vocabulary • Tariff of 1816: a tariff on imports designed to protect American industry. • Capital: money needed to build factories or other productive assests. • Labor Union: groups of workers who unite to seek better pay and conditions. • Nativists: campaigned for laws to discourage immigration or to deny political rights to newcomers. • Cotton Gin: this machine reduced the amount of time and the cost of separating the cotton seeds from the valuable white fiber.

25. Why Industrialization Spread… • The embargo of 1807 and the War of 1812 cut off access to British manufactured goods. • Thus, America began to build its own factories. • The Tariff of 1816: A tariff on imports designed to protect American industry. Increased the price of manufactured goods by an average of 20-25%. • This encouraged Americans to buy products made in the United States. • The tariff helped industry, but hurt farmers, who had to pay higher prices for consumer gods.

26. Why the North??? • Greater access to capital, or money needed to build factories. • Numerous rivers to provide power for the new factories. • More cheap labor to work in the factories.

27. Workers Organize… • Due to working conditions and low wages, workers organized labor unions such as the Workingmen’s Party. • Labor Unions: groups of workers who unite to see better pay and conditions. • For example, the Lowell Mill girls went on strike and failed to achieve their goals.

28. A Middle Class Emerges… • A Middle class emerges. (bankers, lawyers, accountants, clerks, auctioneers, brokers, and retailers) • Families moved to the suburbs to get away from the hustle and bustle of the factory cities. • Cult of Domesticity: Emphasized new ideas of femininity, the woman's role within the home and the dynamics of work and family. "True women" were supposed to possess four cardinal virtues: piety, purity, domesticity, and submissiveness.

29. National Origin of Immigrants:1820 - 1860 Why now?

30. Emigration from Ireland and Germany • Immigrants (Irish and German Catholic) flood into the U.S. • Primarily in response to the Irish Potato Famine in Europe. • 2.8 million in the 1850s – they fill factory jobs and work for almost nothing. • Nativists emerge who are against immigration...from the Whig party.

31. American View of the Irish Immigrant

32. Regional Specialization Distinct Economies NORTH EAST Industrial SOUTH Cotton & Slavery -Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin. -Cotton was in great demand in GB and the North http://youtu.be/6eT4bNxkv-c WEST The Nation’s “Breadbasket”

33. American Population Centers in 1820

34. American Population Centers in 1860

35. Southern Agriculture“King Cotton” • 3 developments boosted cotton production: • 1-TheCotton Gin – invented by Eli Whitney it separated the cotton seeds. • 2- Western expansion to find more land to grow cotton. • 3 – Industrialization.

36. The Expansion of Slavery • The cotton boom spread slavery, even though overseas slave trade was abolished in 1808, from 1.5 million in 1820 to 4 million in 1860.

37. Economic Consequences of Slavery… • Because the South specialized in one crop, if there was a bad year, some farmers went bankrupt. • Plantation dispersed the population. • Not much urban growth compared to the North. • Smaller population size. The South did not attract immigrants.

38. Cultural Consequences of Slavery… • Slaveholders were a minority. • No more than ¼ Southerners had slaves in 1860. • ¾ of slave owners had less than 10 slaves. • Only about 3,000 Southerners owned 100 or more. • Typical slaveholder owned only four our five slaves. • Why then Defend Slavery? • Whites felt a sense of racial superiority along all class lines. 2. Fear of slave revenge. 3. Prospect of future wealth.

40. Section 3 Vocabulary: • Nationalism: • Henry Clay: • American System: • John Quincy Adams: • First Seminole War: • Adams-Onis Treaty: • Monroe Doctrine: • Missouri Compromise:

41. “Era of Good Feelings” • In 1817 a paper in Boston described politics as entering an “Era of Good Feelings.” The Democratic-Republican party operated without opposition due to the “death” of the Federalist party after the War of 1812. • James Monroe almost unanimously won reelection –Nationalism swept the country and now the (DR) wanted to use Federal power to help industry instead of favoring trade without tariffs • http://youtu.be/beN4qE-e5O8

42. Henry Clay’s American System: • As the North and South developed different economies, the creation of a plan to unify the nation became increasingly important. • Henry Clay’s American System: Would unite the nation’s economic interests: 1. Develop a transportation system and other internal improvements. 2. Establish a protective tariff 3. Resurrect the national bank (reduced in Jefferson’s presidency).

43. Giving the Federal Government more power through the Courts • Dartmouth v Woodward – limited a state’s power to interfere in business contracts • McCulloch v. MD • Gibbons v Ogden • These cases allowed the U.S. to have business united

44. Panic of 1819 • As transportation grew, things were more connected and their were “boom and bust cycles” • In 1819 thousands lost their jobs. Their farms were in trouble as well. • Caused people to doubt capitalism and blame the banks.

46. Influence on Art and Lit • Artists and Authors drew and wrote like the US was a source of unique inspiration • Reflected the spirit of nationalism. • Hudson River School – A group of painters that showed the beauty of America. • James Fenimore Cooper – Wrote frontier adventures. The Last of the Mohicans. • Washington Irving – Wrote Rip Van Winkle and Sleepy Hollow and was part of the school called the Knickerbocker School/New Nationalists.

47. Adams Onis Treaty • Spain sold Florida to the United States. • Ended Spanish claims in the Oregon Territory. • The U.S. and Great Britain agreed to share the Oregon territory.

48. Monroe Doctrine 1823 • Several European countries wanted South America. • GB said to US, you want to team up to stop them • US said no and said we’ll stay our of your business if you stay our of American Republics. • Not too big a threat now b/c US didn’t have much military power • Foreign policy doctrine set forth by President Monroe in 1823 that discouraged European intervention in the Western Hemisphere.

49. Missouri Compromise 182036° 30’ N • Missouri wanted to enter the Union as a slave state but there was already 11 slave and 11 free states. • A NY congressman said that they could ban slavery in Missouri in order for the state to join the Union, but the South did not like that that. • Henry Clay (The Great Compromiser): Came up with the compromise which said that Missouri would come in as a slave state and Maine would come in as a free state. • The compromise also drew a line across the continent from the southwestern corner of Missouri to the nation’s western boundary. • Territories south of that line would enter as slave states. Those north of the line would become free states.