Lecturer : Dr. HUL Seingheng

1. Surface Waters By Huw Taylor Lecturer : Dr. HUL Seingheng ORK Theara OU Rotha OURNG Simex PAUV Samrit PECH Soveaddh Page

2. Content Introduction Source of Enteric Organisms in Surface Waters Pathogenic and Indicator Organisms in Surface Water Surface Water Quality and Disease: The Case of Cholera Protection of Surface Water From Faecal Pollution Identification of Faecal Pollution Source in Surface Waters Discussion Page

3. Objective Define source of pollution to surface water and cause of diseases from waste water The ways to protect the surface water Page

4. Key Terms Faecal :the solid waste passed out of the body of a human or animal through the bowels. Waste water: water that has been adversely affected in quality by anthropogenic influence. Pathogen: infectious agent , microbe(virus, bacterium, prion, or fungus) that causes disease. Enteric: something related to or associated with the intestines. Aquatic: means relating to water; living in or near water or taking place in water. Catchment: get an illness, especially one caused by bacteria or virus. Page

5. I. Introduction Surface water is a general term describing any water body that is found flowing or standing on the earth’s surface, such as streams, rivers, ponds, lakes and reservoirs. Surface water quality is often unreliable and to be heavily contaminated by faceal microorganisms than groundwater. Page

6. I. Introduction (con’t) Surface water quality may be divided into three categories, or trophic levels, according to nutrient levels and microbial populations: Oligotrophic Mesotrophic Eutrophic Page

7. I. Introduction (con’t) Water-borne pathogenic organisms of enteric origin include: Viruses bacteria protozoan helminthic parasites. Page

8. II. SOURCES OF ENTERIC ORGANISMS IN SURFACE WATERS

9. 1. Human wastes and municipal wastewaters The factors of total load of pathogenic microorganisms of human origin that enter a surface water catchment : Human population Proportion of the population using sewerage systems that eventually discharge into the river The level of wastewater treatment and the operating efficacy of these systems. Page

10. 2. Other wastewater discharges Industrial wastewaters enter a municipal sewerage system and many such wastewaters: • Food, beverage, meat packing, • Wood pulp • Paper wastes, • Abattoir waste Page

11. 3. Agricultural effluents and run-off In late 20 century, animal husbandry increasingly concentrated loads of animal faeces which effect to river water . Some pathogens of animal origin may infect humans such as Cryptosporidium spp. and various toxigenic strains of Escherichia coli. Page

12. Table 36.1 shows the E. coli concentrations found in the faeces of various animals. Page

13. 4. Stormwaterand urban surface run-off Where urban run-off is not directed to combined sewerage systems, separate systems may deliver this water directly to surface waters without prior treatment. Discharges from such systems may contain high levels of faecal indicator bacteria. Ex:InSouth Africa(Jagals, 1997) Page

14. 5. Avian sources The faeces of birds often contain higher concentrations of the faecal: Indicator bacteria E. coli Intestinal enterococci Specific pathogens such as Salmonella spp. and Campylobacter spp. Page

15. 6. Feral mammals The faecalof feral mammals is the source of pollution of surface waters but low significance compared with the faecal contribution from agriculture and municipal wastewaters. Page

16. 7. Recreational use of surface waters In crowded bathing waters this source may pose a significant risk to human health. Although boating and other recreational use of reservoirs, bathing is generally discouraged in order to protect source waters. Page

17. 8. Recirculation of sediments Surface water sediments may act as a reservoir of enteric microorganisms deriving from faecal pollution. Regrowth of some species may be possible in these relatively protected and nutrient rich environments. Page

18. Subsurface sources Poorly designed and managed landfill of municipal and industrial solid waste poses a risk of pollution to surface and groundwatersbecause it contains high levels of toxic substances and enteric organisms. Page

19. III. PATHOGENIC AND INDICATOR ORGANISMS IN SURFACE WATERS

20. Factors influence cell death • Predation • Adsorption/sedimentation • Salinity • Time of exposure • higher residence • Solar radiation • pH • Water temperature • Concentration of humic substances Factors that may directly or indirectly influence cell death or sublethal damage include : Page

21. 1. Bacteria • The study of Coliform bacteria in the River Seine in France, (George et al., 2001) shown that grazing by protozoa was responsible for 47–99% of the mortality of coliforms in the river. • The observation that river waters generally contain higher levels of enteric bacteria than lakes and reservoirs • Two classic bacterial indicators of faecal pollution, the faecal coliforms and the faecal streptococci. Page

22. 2. Viruses Viruses are a leading cause of waterborne gastroenteritis and five major groups of human gastroenteritis virus have been dentified: Rotavirus Enteric denovirus Norwalk virus calicivirus Astrovirus Page

23. 3. Parasitology • Genera Cryptosporidium • Giardia • Multicellular helminths. Parasites in freshwaters include protozoan microorganisms such as species of: • Cyclospora • Entamoeba • Toxoplasma All these Parasites lead to animals and human inflection Page

24. 4. Cyanobacteria The cyanobacteria are prokaryotic organisms that, like the eukaryotic green algae, are able to carry out photosynthesis with the production of oxygen. Over 20 species of cyanobacteria have been associated with adverse health effects. Acute health effects relate to the ability of several species to produce toxins that may cause liver damage, neural damage, and gastrointestinal (GI) disturbances . Cyanobacterial toxins are of 3 main types: lipopolysaccharide endotoxins, hepatotoxinsand neurotoxins. Page

25. IV. Surface water quality and disease

26. Case of cholera • Ground water. • Source raw water. • Cholera is caused by the ingestion of the bacterium Vibrio cholerae and the infectious dose of cholera is normally High(106-108 organisms) but may be as low as organisms where gastric acidity is neutralized. • Source of disease: • Bacterium Vibrio cholerae. • Material from a leaking cesspool. Page

27. V. Protection of surface water from faecal pollution • The protection of surface water : • Multiple barrier • Treatment of drinking water • Safe disposal of waste water • Carry out of pollution source Page

28. V. Protection of surface water from faecal pollution HACCPImportant steps in every HACCP procedure are: • Setting up and verification of the process flow. • Executing the hazard analysis identification and Control measures. • Identification of the critical control points. • Establishing corrective actions. Page

29. VI. IDENTIFICATION OF FAECAL POLLUTION SOURCES IN SURFACE WATERS Page The multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) methodology Genotyping methodologies (DNA Methode) Application of an artificial neural network (ANN)

30. VII. DISCUSSION • River water is the most logical source of a community’s drinking water but hygienic quality of river water may be poor. • Drinking water treatment plant is followed by a period of storage and sedimentation prior to further treatment. • Catchment protection plays an important role in the multiple barrier approach to breaking the faeco-oral route. Page

31. References • Surface waters, byHuw Taylor EPHRLL, School of the Environment, University of Brighton, BN2 4GJ, UK • Wikipidia.com • Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary 3rd Edition Page

32. ? ? ? Thank you very much For your attention Page