MDGs Achievements in Bangladesh

1. MDGs Achievements in Bangladesh Presentation by Dr. Muhammad G. Sarwar E-mail: sarwar_mg@yahoo.com at Civil Service College, Dhaka 26 June 2011

2. Presentation Outline • Background • Institutional Mechanism of MDGs Monitoring in Bangladesh • Tools of Implementation of MDGs in Bangladesh • Methodology used in MDGs Report Preparation • Current Status and Challenges of MDGs Implementation • MDGs: a critique

3. Millennium Declaration 2000 • World leaders made wide-ranging commitments that included: • Peace • Security • Human rights • Environment • A number of time-bound development targets Those targets were later configured into eight MDGs.

4. MDGs: Global Poverty Reduction Goals • MDG 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger; • MDG 2: Achieve universal primary education; • MDG 3: Promote gender equality and empower women; • MDG 4: Reduce child mortality; • MDG 5: Improve maternal health; • MDG 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases; • MDG 7: Ensure environmental sustainability; • MDG 8: Develop a global partnership to create a non-discriminatory global trading and financial system.

5. Institutional Mechanism of MDGs Progress Monitoring in Bangladesh • National Steering Committee for Poverty Reduction (NSCPR); • GED as the National Poverty Focal Point (NPFP) works as secretariat of the NSCPR; • A Technical Committee monitors consistency of projects / programmes with the NSAPR; • Working Groups in the Ministries / Divisions; and • Independent Committee for monitoring and evaluation of PRS and MDGs.

6. GED: the Focal Point of MDGs Monitoring in Bangladesh • Collating official data on PRS and MDGs monitoring, • Coordinating monitoring efforts within and outside the Government, • Facilitating effective resolution of debates on indicators and methodologies and developing new indicators, • Undertaking research / studies in collaboration with independent academic/research institutions and civil society groups, and • Facilitating feedback of outcome monitoring into policy-making.

7. Tools of implementing MDGs in Bangladesh • PRSP- NSAPR (2005 -08) and NSAPR II (2009 -11) • MTBF (Medium Term Budgetary Framework) • ADP (Annual Development Programme)

8. MDGs Progress Reports • MDGs: Bangladesh Progress Report 2005 jointly prepared by GED and DPs • MDGs: Mid-Term Bangladesh Progress Report 2007 • MDGs: Bangladesh Progress 2008 • MDGs: Bangladesh Progress 2009

9. Methodology • Consultation with all stakeholders including DPs • Data collection and Trend analysis (using actual data) • Spatial Analysis : Map at sub-national level • Extrapolation/Projection (SPSS, DevInfo, MS Office)

10. Goal 1:Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger

11. GOAL 1: Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger • Target 1.A: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people whose income is less than one dollar a day. • Indicators • Proportion of population below the national upper-poverty line (2122 kcal) • Poverty Gap Ratio • Share of poorest quintile in national consumption • Target 1.B: Achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all, including women and young people. • Indicators • Growth rate of GDP per person employed • Employment-to-population ratio • Proportion of employed people living below $1 (ppp) per day • Proportion of own-account and contributing family workers in total employment • Target 1.C: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people who suffer from hunger. • Indicators • Prevalence of underweight children under-five years of age • Proportion of population below minimum level of dietary energy consumption

12. MDG Goal 1: Eradicating Poverty and Hunger

13. Goal 1: Eradication of Poverty and Hunger

14. Challenges and Policy Interventions Major Challenges: Regional disparity in the poverty reduction rates; Increasing income inequality; and Low participation of women in the labour market Policy Interventions: Pro-poor macroeconomic policy regime for reducing income inequality; Scaling up Safety net programs with focus on poverty in pockets (monga, coastal belt areas) towards a universal social protection / security for the hard core poor; Pro-women labour market policies for higher women participation in labour market.

15. Goal 2:Achieve Universal Primary Education

16. GOAL 2: Achieving Universal Primary Education • Target 2.A: Ensure that, by 2015, children everywhere, boys and girls alike, will be able to complete a full course of primary schooling • Indicators • Net Enrolment Ratio in Primary Education • Proportion of pupils starting grade 1 who reach grade 5 • Literacy rate of 15-24 year olds, women and men

17. Net Enrolment Ratio in Primary Education

18. Net enrollment and drop-out rate

19. Challenges and Policy Interventions Challenges: • high dropout from the Primary School system; • Poverty leads to student absenteeism in general due to the high opportunity cost and other hidden costs of schooling; • Low quality education, particularly in public schools; • Low adult literacy warrant special attention in view of the MDG target. Policy Interventions: • strategic focus to achieve universal primary education for all. • nationwide network of community based and managed and multi-purpose non-formal adult learning centers.

20. Goal 3:Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women

21. GOAL 3: Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women • Target 3.A: Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education, preferably by 2005, and in all levels of education no later than 2015 • Indicators 3.1a Ratio of girls to boys in primary education 3.1b Ratio of girls to boys in secondary education 3.1c Ratio of girls to boys in tertiary education 3.2 Share of women in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector 3.3 Proportion of seats held by women in national parliament

22. Goal 3:Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women

23. Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary education in 2009

24. Challenges and Policy Interventions • Challenges • To achieve the Gender Parity at the tertiary level • social stigma, stereotyped gender roles and patriarchal values retard women’s participation in politics • Policy Interventions • Free female education and more scholarship for the female students at the tertiary level • The National Women’s Development Policy (NWDP) of 2010 has suggested reserving one-third (?) of the seats in parliament for women, who are to be elected through direct elections

25. Goal 4:Reduce Child Mortality

26. GOAL 4: Reduce Child Mortality • Target 4.A: Reduce by two-thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the under-five mortality rate. • Indicators 4.1 Under-five mortality rate 4.2 Infant mortality rate 4.3 Proportion of 1 year-old children immunized against measles

27. GOAL 4: Reduce Child Mortality

28. Child Mortality

29. children immunized against measles

30. Challenges and Policy Interventions Challenges • Some lagging districts which need special interventions to reach the target by 2015 • Addressing U-5 mortality in some pockets Policy Interventions • Further strengthening EPI (Extended Program of Immunization) • Integrated maternal, neonatal and child health interventions • Breastfeeding Campaign for newborns

31. Goal 5:Improve Maternal Health

32. GOAL 5: Improve Maternal Health • Target 5.A: Reduce by three quarters, between 1990 and 2015, the maternal mortality ratio. • Indicators 5.1 Maternal mortality ratio 5.2 Proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel • Target 5.B: Achieve, by 2015, universal access to reproductive health. • Indicators 5.3 Contraceptive prevalence rate 5.4 Adolescent birth rate 5.5a Antenatal care coverage (at least one visit) 5.5b: Antenatal care coverage (at least four visits) 5.6 Unmet need for family planning

33. Goal 5: Achievements at a glance

34. Maternal mortality ratio

35. Births attended by skilled health personnel (%)

36. Antenatal care coverage (%)

37. Unmet need for family planning (%)

38. Challenges and Policy Interventions Challenges • Stalled MMR • Low skilled health professional at delivery points Supportive Environment • Demand side intervention: Vouchers for the pregnant women • Advocacy and awareness raising campaigns on safe motherhood and reproductive health behavior

39. Goal 6:Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and Other Diseases

40. GOAL 6: Targets and Indicators • Target 6.A: Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS • Indicators 6.1 HIV prevalence among population aged 15-24 years 6.2 Condom use at last high–risk sex 6.3 Proportion of population aged 15-24 years with comprehensive correct knowledge of HIV/AIDS 6.4: Ratio of school attendance of orphans to school attendance of non orphans aged 10-14 years • Target 6.B: Achieve, by 2010, universal access to treatment for HIV/AIDS for all those who need it. • Indicators 6.5: Proportion of population with advanced HIV infection with access to antiretroviral drugs • Target 6.C: Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the incidence of malaria and other major diseases • Indicators 6.6a: Incidence of Malaria per 100,000 population 6.6b: Death rate associated with Malaria per 100,000 population 6.7: Proportion of children under-5 sleeping under insecticide-treated bed nets. 6.8: Proportion of children under 5 with fever who are treated with appropriate anti-malarial drugs 6.9a: Incidence of Tuberculosis per 100,000 population 6.9b: Death rate associated with Tuberculosis per 100,000 population 6.10: Proportion of tuberculosis cases detected and cured under DOTS

41. Goal 6: Achievements at a glance

42. Challenges and Policy Interventions Challenges • low correct knowledge of HIV among youths and the low condom use • number of malaria cases in the country and the incidence of malaria is increasing • large number of tuberculosis cases in the country every year Policy Interventions • comprehensive advocacy program through the mass and electronic media about the danger of HIV/AIDS; • Special surveillance system to rollback malaria; and • DOTs (Directly Obseved Treatments) program to halt TB incidences and deaths.

43. Goal 7:Ensure Environmental Sustainability

44. GOAL 7: Ensure Environmental Sustainability • Target 7.A: Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programs and reverse the loss of environmental resources Indicators 7.1: Proportion of land area covered by forest 7.2: CO2 emissions (metric tons per capita) 7.3: Consumption of ozone-depleting substances (metric tons per capita) 7.4: Proportion of fish stocks within safe biological limits • Target 7.B: Reduce biodiversity loss, achieving, by 2010, a significant reduction in the rate of loss Indicators 7.5: Proportion of total water resources used 7.6: Proportion of terrestrial and marine areas protected 7.7: Proportion of species threatened with extinction • Target 7.C: Halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation 7.8: Proportion of population using an improved drinking water source 7.9: Proportion of population using an improved sanitation facility • Target 7.D: By 2020, to have achieved a significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers. Indicator 7.10: Proportion of urban population living in slums

45. Goal 7: achievements at a glance

46. Percentage of Population using improved drinking water & sanitation

47. Challenges and Policy Interventions Challenges • Protection of forest lands is a major challenge as a very small percentage of forests is under protection • arsenic and salinity have drastically reduced safe water availability • Uneven expansion of sanitation facilities Policy Interventions • Strengthening reforestation and regeneration programme • Systematic measures to overcome arsenic and salinity problem • Faster expansion of sanitation facilities focusing on lagging regions and urban slums

48. Goal 8:Develop a Global Partnership for Development

49. GOAL 8: Targets and Indicators • Target 8.A: Develop further an open, rule-based, predictable, non-discriminatory trading and financial system • Target 8.B: Address the special needs of the least developed countries • Target 8.C: Address the special needs of landlocked developing countries and small island developing States • Target 8.D: Deal comprehensively with the debt problems of developing countries through national and international measures in order to make debt sustainable in the long term Indicators 8.1a: Net ODA received by Bangladesh (million US$) 8.1b: Net ODA received by Bangladesh, as percentage of OECD/DAC donors' GNI 8.2: Proportion of total bilateral, sector-allocable ODA to basic social services 8.3: Proportion of bilateral ODA of OECD/DAC donors that is untied (received by Bangladesh) 8.6: Proportion of total developed country imports (by value excluding arms) from developing countries and from LDCs admitted free of duty 8.7: Average tariffs imposed by developed countries on agricultural products, textiles and clothing from developing country (Bangladesh) 8.8: Agricultural support estimate for OECD countries as a percentage of their GDP 8.9: Proportion of ODA provided to help build trade capacity 8.12: Debt service as a percentage of exports of goods and services • Target 8.E: Address the special needs of landlocked developing countries and small developing States Indicators 8.13: Proportion of population with access to affordable essential drugs on a sustainable basis • Target 8.F: In cooperation with the private sector, make available the benefits of new technologies, especially information and communications. Indicators 8.14: Telephone lines per 100 population 8.15: Cellular subscribers per 100 population 8.16: Internet users per 100 population

50. Goal 8: acheivements at a glance